Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Classical Sociologists' View of The Nation and Basic Paradigms About the Origin of The Kurds

Hawraman F. Karim — 2024-10-12

This interdisciplinary article addresses two primary investigations: the sociological standpoint on the notion of nation and fundamental approaches concerning the Kurds' origin. Consequently, we seek responses to the following pair of inquiries: Firstly, it delves into the foundational aspects of understanding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism, questioning its historiography. Secondly, it investigates the categorization of fundamental ideas and approaches regarding nation and nationalism and examines the extent of their influence on Kurdish literature in the related field. The study takes a dual perspective. Initially, it explores the perspectives of classical sociologists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and George Simmel on the concept of nation. In contrast to historical perspectives, sociologists analyze the notion through the prisms of social solidarity, moral environment, citizenship, Western rationality, and the nation as a superstructure. The second part of the article delves into the core approaches of primordialism, constructionism, and ethno-symbolism. The study concludes that the investigation into the origins of Kurds is a relatively recent development, influenced by a myriad of external and internal factors. Kurdish researchers have conducted their studies within the framework of the three above-mentioned methods, with visible differences of opinion regarding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism. Simultaneously, a distinct approach is emerging, asserting the uniqueness of the Kurdish issue and suggesting it transcends common modern paradigms.

The Influence of Religion on Economic Development

Jabar Q. Ahmed — 2024-10-13

Religion is one of the most important institutions in the process of socialization. Which has a profound effect on a thinking and behavior of individuals and groups. As well Religion affects economic system and is an important part of regulating economic life of individuals, however, nation building and national consciousness are based on the national economy. An important part of the preservation and development of nations is through the economy. Culture, religion and social traditions play an important role in shaping the economic status of nations. This is an important part of sanctified the work, work ethic, and love of work. Some opinion believe that religions have a profound effect on the way of life of individuals and groups. So that the basis of work, production and trade is sanctify mundane efforts. At the same time, it distorts the topics related to squandering and social virtues. This study is qualitative research, the aim of the study is to present the relationship between religion and the economy. As a result of this study, we found that religion and economics are two socio-cultural phenomena, and there is a strong influence and interaction between them. The level of influence and the relationship between them varies from one society to another. Religion also has strong influences on national economic development; therefore, religious discourse can play a powerful role in the process of encouraging the development of work culture and work ethics in societies. Reflecting economic growth in societies.

The Economic Motives for Committing Crimes of Encroachment on Money and Wealth

Rostam S. Mustafa — 2024-10-17

The main issue is to explain the economic motives that cause the encroachment of money and wealth. The aims of this study are to: identify general economic motives, such as; (economic developments and economic instability), Also specific economic motives, such as; (Poverty and unemployment) are related to crimes of encroachment of money and wealth. The descriptive analytical method was used in the study. The type of research is an analytical theoretical research. In light of theoretical directions such as capitalist system theory and subculture theories, the study concluded that the capitalist system in managing the country's economy. Causes crimes of encroachment on people's money and wealth, regarding the theory of Differential Opportunity theory, our research shows that the lack of legitimate opportunities to achieve material goals among the poor, opens the door to crimes. The Developments of the economic status in society; especially in the industrial and commercial sectors, with weak supervision of societal rules and laws, encourage financial crimes. Especially, fraud and dishonesty in trust, in an attempt to improve the economy, get rich and satisfy desires, it was found that the economic instability of prices, incomes and currency values in society create a bad and unbalanced economic situation for individuals. Poverty and unemployment also cause the loss of human potential to provide the basic necessities of life for one’s family, which then becomes a strong motivation for the crimes of encroachment on money and wealth.

Online Survey as a Data Collection Tool

Ziwar Z. Rasool — 2024-10-17

In recent decades, online surveys have been commonly used in political and marketing surveys and academic and scientific research as a modern technique for collecting data. The main reasons for the growth of online surveys are: firstly, increasing the use of the internet, computers, and smartphones; furthermore, according to statistics, in 2023, more than 65% of the world population uses internet, and 85% of the world population use smartphones. Secondly, researchers need new data collection techniques to analyze phenomena related to modern societies. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical review as a way to use online surveys in academic studies. The research method is descriptive. The main result of this study is that online surveys assist researchers in collecting data at a lower cost and in a shorter time. Additionally, since there is no clear list of the target population and Internet users are unknown, the majority of online survey researchers apply nonprobability sampling techniques. However, due to the methodological problems that online surveys face, a high level of online data quality cannot be guaranteed, particularly concerning reliability and validity. Thus, researchers should use a mixed method that combines face-to-face and online study techniques in a study.

The Relationship Between Frustration and Forms of Violence Among Young People

Dastan O. Mahmood — 2024-10-18

The current research aims to explore the relationship between frustration and forms of violent behavior, to measure main variables and to show the role of demographic variables on the results. The research adopts a “Quantitative” approach, and relies on a "survey method" and “questionnaire” as data collection instruments that consists of the scale of frustration (28) items and the behavioral violent forms (30) items. A sample of 360 students of Raperin University was randomly selected, which 180 were female and 180 were male. The researchers used SPSS to analyze the data. The findings of the research highlighted are the frustration and violent behavior patterns among the sample are very low. There is also a statistically significant difference between men and women in terms of frustration, with men more likely to be frustration than women. Meanwhile, males are more likely to commit violent behavior (physical and symbolic) than females, but females are more likely to commit verbal violence than males. Students with poor family incomes were also more likely frustration. Finally, there is a moderate statistically significant direct relationship between frustration and violence in general and violence (physical, verbal and symbolic). That is, the higher the level of frustration, the higher the forms of violent behavior. The reverse is also true.

Teachers’ Perceptions of the Degree of Practicing Organizational Justice among Physical Education and Sports Sciences Department Heads in Selected Universities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Goran M. Fattah — 2024-10-27

The research aims to prepare a measure of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers, and to identify the level of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education. Physical education and sports sciences in some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers. The descriptive approach using the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the study. The research community was identified using the intentional method of teachers in the College of Religious Education and Sports Sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq for the academic season (2023-2024), numbering (5) colleges. The researchers used the following statistical parameters to find the results of their research. Using the statistical package (SPSS) (percentage - arithmetic mean - standard deviation - simple correlation coefficient - Spearman Brown), the results were obtained by preparing a measure of organizational justice among heads of departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view Teachers through scientific procedures. The number of items in the scale was (28) items, distributed over (4) dimensions. The heads of departments of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences of some universities in the Kurdistan Region have a high level of practicing organizational justice.

Reflection of The Most Important Existential Themes In A Novel (Death At The Twelfth Bell) By Kawthar Shawkat

Nihaya M. Salih Ezzulddin — 2024-10-27

This research is an attempt to read and analyze the most important topics of existential philosophy in the novel (Death in the Twelfth Bell)، because the young writer (Kawthar Shawkat)، the author of this novel، was able to some extent to raise the most important topics such as (freedom، man، humanity، optimism، pessimism)، which is the focus of how to prove the real existence of individuals in society in particular and life in general. This research was conducted according to the descriptive analytical approach. We try to answer these questions: To what extent was optimism gained in the novel (Death in the Twelfth Bell), and whether the male novelist was able to discuss existential topics in a balanced manner. The aforementioned novelist also tried through the movement and positions of her novel characters to portray and present to the recipient the meaning of (existence) according to the concept of modern existential philosophy. It is worth mentioning that the aforementioned writer focused on the personality of women in how to portray existential topics. For this reason، we can consider this novel as an important philosophical text in its logic. As for the chapters of this research، it is divided into two chapters. The first theoretical section consists of these sections: the term and definitions of existentialism، as well as how this philosophical orientation is reflected in world and Kurdish literature. As for the second chapter، we have focused more on reflecting and embodying the most important existential topics in the narrative text of this research.

Power in Islam between text and implementation

kamaran J. Hasan — 2024-10-28

The caliph occupies the highest position in the Islamic power structure. Generally, legitimacy is obtained through the trust of the people of contract and then the general pledge of allegiance, but there was a difference between the theoretical and practical aspects. It is the right of Muslims to appoint a caliph for themselves. The method of selecting 'Uthman ibn 'Affan was a different example, yet there were still discrepancies with the theoretical aspect. Based on primary sources, we have compared the theoretical and practical aspects in the second phase of his caliphate, during which he faced significant challenges from some provinces and their surroundings. The importance of this study lies in highlighting the gaps between the theoretical texts and the practical steps in the appointment of Caliph Uthman. The purpose of this paper is to provide clarity on how to appoint the Caliph from both theoretical and practical perspectives. This will serve as a gateway to understanding the system of power in Islam, comparing what existed in history both theoretically and practically. A critical analysis methodology is followed.

The Jalal Talabani's relationships with East Kurdistan's parties and groups (1991-1975)

Kaiwan J. Abdullah — 2024-10-28

This study examines the relationship between Jalal Talabani and East Kurdistan's political parties and organizations. Talabani is one of the most prominent Kurdish figures who has actively participated in modern history. He demonstrated leadership and intellectual abilities from a young age due to his early involvement in politics and culture. After founding the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in 1975, Talabani entered a new political phase in his life, fighting for the rights of the Kurdish people in South Kurdistan. From the beginning, the PUK maintained close relationships with East Kurdistan's parties and organizations, providing support in various forms, particularly in training and supplying weapons and ammunition. This support was evident even during the confrontation with the Iranian government in 1982. Simultaneously, Talabani had to navigate complex relations with the Iranian government, with which he was occasionally obliged to collaborate, especially from 1986 onwards. This period marked a turning point in Talabani's relationships until 1991. As a result of this research, the researcher concludes that Talabani maintained close relations with political parties and organizations in East Kurdistan while also maintaining ties with the Iranian government. He attempted to leverage this relationship to benefit the Kurds in East Kurdistan.

The Conflict Between Muslims and Crusaders in The City of Ruha Was the First Military Invasion by Crusaders

Pares A. Omar — 2024-10-28

The Crusaders’ invasions (1196–1272) were a series of Western military attempts to seize Islamic-controlled territories in the Middle East. The first efforts began in Jazeera, where many local clan leaders participated, largely for personal gain, neglecting the religious motives of the war, such as securing the Holy Lands from Muslim forces and aiding the Hajjahan. One key outcome was the establishment of four monarchies, including the Ruha monarchy in Jazeera, founded by Baldwin. His success was due to support from the Armenians, particularly their leadership, and the strategic importance of Jazeera’s location, which was economically and militarily advantageous. The region was also significant to the Crusaders as a Christian center, with its majority Christian population, churches, and translated Bibles. These factors contributed to the establishment of the first Christian empire in the Eastern Islamic world. The Crusaders’ success was aided by political conflicts among Islamic clans and the decline of Persian (Seljuk) forces. After the death of the Seljuk leader, both political and religious conflicts erupted among the Kurds, further enabling the Crusaders’ swift conquests. Despite attempts by local monarchs to reclaim Ruha, Crusader control persisted until the era of Emaddin. His strategic planning and alliances, including agreements with some Crusader and Islamic monarchs, eventually led to the recapture of Ruha, marking a turning point in the Eastern Islamic world, with Islamic forces regaining ground in the Middle East.

The U.S. Policy to the Kurdish Question in Iran 1960-1963

karwan S. waisy — 2024-12-25

The Kurdish National Liberation Movement in Iran is one of the significance stages of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East particularly this period under this study, as this period is considered to be the beginning of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and their efforts to obtain the United States (U.S.) support of their issue and the U.S Policy to the Kurdish question. Hence this period is being taken into an account in order to examine the Kurdish situation and their question in Iran also the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the role of Kurdish movement in gathering the US and Iranian so closely.

This study attempts to show the behavior of regional power especially Iran with Kurdish question and examine the politics and evaluation of the U.S. officials considerably its Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and department of State towards Kurds likewise the role of great powers namely Soviet in this context, cause the Soviet played a key role in the context of the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish question in Iran.

In this regard This study aims to answer some relating questions such as how did the Kurdish leader’s efforts to get the U.S. support their national cause? how strong was the Kurdish question at that time? How was the Kurdish national movement influenced Iran during this period? Did the Kurdish question affect the U.S. interests? What was the soviet role in the Kurdish question?

A postcolonial reading of the other in the novel “Occupation of Darkness” by Bakhtiar Ali

Sangar N. Hussein — 2024-10-29

What sets the contemporary novel apart is the space it provides for suppressed nations to voice their agonies and sufferings. Additionally, contemporary novels provide a stage for marginalized voices to be heard. In other words, the contemporary novel serves as a platform for depicting the relationship between colonizers and colonies, especially for nations that have been under the oppressive rule of their oppressors. The Kurds, as one of these nations, utilize novels to voice their aspirations for freedom and to emphasize the concept of "the Other." One such novel that encapsulates this idea is Bakhtiyar Ali's The Occupation of Darkness. In this novel, Ali explores the relationships between invaders and the invaded, employing terms and concepts theorized by post-colonial theorists. A significant portion of Ali's work is dedicated to discussing the "Other" and the "self" of the colonizer, particularly drawing upon the theories of Edward Said and Frantz Fanon. The author also employs various mechanisms of "othering" throughout the novel. This study finds that the representation of "the Other" in the novel is ideologically motivated but differs: for the Turks, it is associated with violence, whereas for the Kurds, it is linked to struggle and the pursuit of freedom.

Presupposition in Several Headlines of Kekon Magazine

Darya S. Hamad — 2024-12-25

The title of the study is (Presupposition in Several Headlines of Kekon Magazine). The reason behind choosing the topic is that little research has been done on the journalistic analysis of headlines in the context of pragmatic phenomena, in particular about presuppositions. The significance of conducting this study is that it is a text analysis that connects both aspects of language and literature, pragmatics and journalism, and shows how they reflect on one another. The research is within the pragmatic linguistics and literary pragmatics. The data of our research are some newspaper headlines in Kekon magazine. The number of received headlines is about (62) headlines in (21) editions of Kekon Magazine. Suppose that there is a presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon in journalistic headlines; the research aims to prove the hypothesis of the research and we try to prove that presupposition exists as a pragmatic phenomenon in journalistic headlines. In this study, several journalistic headlines have been analyzed based on the descriptive analytical method which is embodied as an essential method in different levels and fields of linguistic and literary research. The study consists of three sections and the conclusion. The first section discusses the concept of presupposition and pragmatic presupposition, and then the importance and types of presuppositions are discussed. In the second section, journalism and journalistic language are presented, as well as articles, then headlines, principles, conditions, language, techniques, and writing styles of headlines are presented. In the third section which is a practical section, the presuppositions within the headlines of the "Kekon magazine" are shown, and finally, the results and a list of references are provided.

The Social Problem in the Kurdish Novel

Abdulla R. Awla — 2024-10-29

A social problem is the problems and obstacles that appear within the framework of a social situation, affecting human life, thought, and relationships, and passing the problems of human life from one situation to another. Often these new situations that appear as a result of a social problem are not according to the desire of its owner. In this sense, social problems create conditions in which a person suffers himself without his desire. These are circumstances, and with all his weight, he asserts himself upon them and finds a solution and a future for him. In this context, the novel is in relation to other literary genres such as poetry and short stories, and because the narrator‌s space is wide, she can fully represent and prepare for social problems. The novel and its technical preparations can analyze small and large social problems and find appropriate solutions for them. In addition, it clarifies the novelist‌s point of view on social problems and gives the reader the appropriate culture and awareness in many aspects, and the impact of the result directly or indirectly explains the social problems on the individual and groups of society.

The Hostility of the superstitious religious and sectarian principles in Mallah Khalil Mashakhti’s poems

Dawlat M. Ahmed — 2024-10-29

The hostility of the superstitious religious and sectarian principles conflicts with the ideas that are emanating from the imagination without a rational or logical reason, because these ideas are not based on scientific and cognitive foundations and principles. These thoughts are represented by expressions and words that carry within their happiness and misery. These mythical expressions and words contradict some sacred religious and sectarian ideas in the field of literary text. Besides, in the light of studying, these ideas and expressions embodied in creative texts, we can understand the reason behind their embodiment within poetic texts in order to correctly understand the poet’s intention behind these mythical ideas. This study is entitled “Hostility of the superstitious religious and sectarian principles in Mallah Khalil Mashakhti’s poems, his collection of poetry as a case study”. The research material for this study is the poems of the mentioned poet. We have applied the practical descriptive approach in this study. The main goal of this study is to clarify the formative and substantive aspect of its embodiment of superstitious ideas and principles of religious and sectarian opposition in poetic texts. Did this opposition come directly or indirectly? We divided this study into two parts. We discussed the concept and definitions of opposition in religious and sectarian superstitious principles in the first section. As for the second section of the study, it was devoted to practical part on poetry, in which we analyzed the poems of the aforementioned poet in terms of the opposition to religious and sectarian superstitious ideas in poetic texts.

Analysis of Kurdish Language Phrase Structure According to X-Bar Theory

Shadan Sh. Sabr — 2024-10-29

The is research entitled "Analysis of Kurdish Language Phrase Structure According to X-Bar Theory”. The X-Bar Theory (X-Bar) is a part of the Government and Binding (GB) theory, encompasses a universal grammar framework. Like other languages it is normal to apply the fundamentals of this theory to the Kurdish language through various analytical perspectives. This theory is dynamic, allowing for detailed analysis and interpretation of words, phrases, and sentence structures in Kurdish. Through this research, we aim to discuss and evaluate the suitability and challenges of applying the principles of phrase structure analysis in Kurdish language morphology from this perspective. The research undertakes a descriptive analytical approach to identify and discuss this topic, relying on the analysis and interpretation of various examples of phrases and sentence types in Kurdish. The most significant findings of the research indicate that the X-Bar Theory brings languages closer together, contrary to the laws of phrase composition, which tend to differentiate languages since the composition laws for phrases were not universal for all languages, like in the case of morphosyntactic languages. This is because the laws of phrase composition did not account for prepositions and postpositions, nor did they specify which is the head: whether it comes before or after. Moreover, this research concludes that the Kurdish language is no less capable than other languages worldwide and can indeed benefit from this theory for analyzing its phrases and sentence structures.

Absurd Philosophy in Classical Kurdish Poetry Characteristics of

Vian A. Esmail — 2024-10-29

This Research focuses on the Philosophy of Absurdity in Classical Kurdish Poetry. The Philosophy of Absurdity is a relatively new philosophical concept that emerged in the twentieth century, drawing principles from both absurdism and existentialism. It generally asserts that while life itself may have inherent meaning, followers of this philosophy view that meaning as ultimately insignificant and devoid of importance. Therefore, individuals must create their own meaning and purpose in life. Prominent thinkers such as Albert Camus and Søren Kierkegaard grappled with the notion of meaninglessness, which laid the foundation for the Philosophy of Absurdity. These ideas, which influenced the formation of the Philosophy of Absurdity, also found expression in literature. Every literary text represents a particular thought, belief, and ideology. In Kurdish literature, including classical poetry, the symbols of this philosophy are clearly evident. Kurdish poets sought to establish a specific meaning for life and existence, aligning themselves with the characteristics. Although they do not confuse distance, but before absurdity appeared as a philosophical method, there was a human question about existence, life and death from the beginning. How, why, when and why... These questions constantly revolve in the human mind. The poet, as an intelligent and predictive person, embodies the answers to these questions in poetry.

The Fundamentalists’ Reasoning for the Hadith

Rebwar H. Abdullah — 2024-10-30

The fundamentalists differed in their citing and reasoning with what was narrated on the authority of Al-I’rbad bin Sariyah - may God be pleased with him - with a chain of transmission traceable to the Prophet (PBUH): “You must adhere to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, the Mahdis,” as seen in some fundamentalist investigations. Thus, in these investigations, some scholars used the Hadith as evidence to abide by, while others did not. The aim of this research is to gather related subjects mentioned by fundamentalists in their writings. The aim of this research was to gather related subjects mentioned by fundamentalists in their writings, in which they provided evidence for by the hadith, to study those related subjects in fundamentalist research, to state the views of the fundamentalists and their doctrines regarding them, and to determine the basis for inferring them from the hadith. There are four sections in this research, The first section is talking about the fundamentalists’ inference from the hadith in defining the Sunnah and concludes that what is meant by “the Sunnah of the Rightly Guided Caliphs” is the method and general policy by which they govern the nation, which is consistent with the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH). Secondly, a focus on the fundamentalists’ inference based on the hadith on the authority of the companion’s statement was made, and the researcher suggested that the statement of the companion, which could be confirmed by opinion and diligence, is not considered a legal proof, but rather it is permissible for the diligent person to contradict it. Thirdly, fundamentalists’ inference from the hadith on the validity of the agreement of the four Caliphs was analyzed, and argued that the agreement of the four Caliphs is neither consensus nor evidence. Finally, the research focused on the fundamentalists’ inference from the hadith on the permissibility of the common man imitating scholars, and the prohibition of imitation while being fanatical towards the opinion of a scholar without looking at the evidence adopted by the scholar. The recommendation at the end of this research was for more studies targeting fundamentalist topics in which fundamentalists often cite the hadiths of the Prophet (PBUH) as reasoning.

The right to Work Between Actual Situation and Law

Majeed A. Hamad — 2024-10-30

The economic rectifiers have a positive and effective impact in pushing the economic's weel forward, and the negligence to exploit these economic rectifiers reflects negatively on many aspects, one of them is increased unemployment. The city of Kuysanjaq, one of the cities of Erbil Governorate in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, was unable to exploit its economic structure, despite the existence of laws enacted to guarantee and protect the right to work. However, the implementation of these laws on the ground in a way that guarantees the protection of the right of every person able to work was not at the level of ambition, which led to unemployment among those able to work in this city exceeded the red line, which constituted threatening the lives of thousands of families. In order to reach a better life, families were forced to immigrate to foreign countries by any means, whatever and regardless of the risks. Therefore, through this research, we aim to find immediate solutions to treate the problems of depriving young men and women of the benefits of legal protection of the right to work. Also helping this city from economic collapse, and exploiting its human resources, and turn them from the consumers class to the producers class. Therefore, we propose to the regional government, through the relevant ministries, to work on the constructing the strategic projects, such as the an industrial city, and agricultural project on the small (Zab River) to irrigate the agriculture lands in it, as well as the constructing the highways linking this city with the three governorates, especially Erbil.

Legal Basis for Administrative Responsibility for Its Actions Without Errors and Compensation for Them

Sakar A. Abdulkarem — 2024-12-31

This research is titled as [The legal basis for administrative responsibility for its actions without its fault and compensation for them (comparative analytical study)] that focuses on the liability of the state for the actions of the administration, which is divided into; the liability of the administrative error, and the administrative liability without being at fault in the fields of annulment action, the protection of the principle of legality, and compensation for the damages inflicted on individuals. Damage may result on the basis of the administration’s error, and sometimes damage may result on the basis of its non-error. The State may accept liability for the administration's faultless action, i.e. responsibility for the administration's lawful actions. In specific cases, when liability requires that the legitimate action has to be issued by the administration resulted in the occurrence of the damage, which further requires the justifications for accepting such responsibility, and on what ground the compensation should be made. The liability may be on the basis of (risk theory) and alongside the theory of equality before public burden, which is explained in light with the legislation and provisions in France, Egypt and Iraq. Some jurists see the need for compensation mechanism that binds the state through administrative courts within a limited scope, regardless if the error occurred in its illegal actions or in the absence of an error in its illegal actions.

The Contribution of (Dalal Park Tourist) To the Development of Tourism in The City of Zakho

Abdulwahid T. Shukri — 2024-10-30

This study concluded that tourism marketing is one of the main factors for the advancement of marketing, its importance stems from the role it plays in transforming tourism into an arena of competition among the countries of the world, as each country tries to highlight its tourism components in various ways and means available in order to acquire the largest possible share of markets. Exported to tourists, through the formation of a positive image and consolidation in the minds of tourists, depending on the various marketing policies. We can say that tourism is the industry of the future, and therefore it is a basic need for Kurdistan's progress and development in the current century. That is why we have taken the contribution of (Park Dalal Tourist) to the development of tourism as the focus of our study by focusing on other aspects. This is confirmed by the continuous results, as we find that the tourism sector in Kurdistan, despite the available tourism resources and factors that attract tourists, is still far from the global and even regional tourism competitiveness, and therefore the development of tourism does not depend only on the availability of tourism resources and attractions. tourism, but rather how to use and exploit those resources in the process of tourism development.

Defending existence among the tramps

Paree T. Mustafa — 2024-11-05

The sensitivity of the place is manifested formally in many cases. If the place in its traditional form is summarized in a specific geometric shape; Its borders are sewn with geometric dimensions and measurements that are subject to an elaborate mathematical calculation. It has occurred in this way in countless philosophical, social and psychological courses, in order to investigate its importance and role in forming the literary text based on these references. The philosophical concept of “non-place” can be viewed in the context of a critical vision surrounding the concept of place first. In order to justify research into the concept of “non- place” in the precise manner required, the philosophical concept of “non- place” can be examined in the context of a critical vision surrounding the concept of place first. One of the components of non-place life in tramp society is the freedom to move in the vast desert, valleys, and mountains, and all that is necessary for their lives is to practice it. Speed is the body attached to tramps, which gives them rapid passage in multiple places, without paying attention to measurements and dimensions. It is a non-spatial mechanism in which defense factors rise. About existence and the continuation of life in a way burdened with problems, represented by the experience of pre-Islamic poetry and - in particular - by the group of vagabonds who went through extraordinary circumstances while practicing their methods to protect their existence and the ideology they seek to achieve.

Power and Imprisonment in the Novels of Ali Badr

Tazra N. Najmaldin — 2024-11-05

The novel serves as a powerful literary tool for addressing or highlighting societal problems through its literary elements. The richness of Arab novels in various topics and issues within society is attributed to the diversity of events witnessed by novelists in their home countries, such as Ali Badr in Iraq. He felt the impact of events in his homeland and captured them in a literary manner in his novels. The study titled "Power and Imprisonment in the Novels of Ali Badr" delves into the prison space in Iraqi prisons after 2003. Ali Badr specifically focuses on prisons and their dynamics in four novels: "The Murderers' Ball," "Liars Get Everything," "Chasing the Wolves," and "Jerusalem Lamps." Ali Badr portrays the prison environment, administrative characters, and prisoners, depicting their situations and how they are treated within the prison. Additionally, he narrates various forms of torture, whether psychological or physical. Furthermore, Badr illustrates the external reality within these prisons, particularly in the novel "The Murderers' Ball," describing the "Palace of Life" divided into two floors. The upper floor is designated for the entertainment of officers' families, while the ground floor becomes a hellish space for the prisoners. This presentation conveys an image to the reader that the fascist authority provides a luxurious life for its supporters and unjustly imprisons the opposition for any reason. In conclusion, the study provides an in-depth analysis of how Ali Badr uses his novels to address and portray the issues of power and imprisonment in post- Iraqi society.

Marvelous Realism in the Novel “The Last of the Angels” by Fadel Al-Azzawi

Nawzad A. Aswad — 2024-11-05

This research aims to approach the novel “The Last of the Angel” by Abbas Al-Azzawi form a socio-semiotic perspective, especially in narrative contexts in which realism meets magical and marvelous scenes. The first section sheds light on events and dialogues that reflect social reality of people responding irrationally to developments taking place in their region during a pivotal period in Iraq’s modern history. The second section approaches the nature of some collective beliefs based on superstitious and primitive thinking of groups and characters of the novel. The final section attempts to extract intellectual and cultural implications for dialogues and beliefs begin mythically, but develop dialectically towards the maturation of consciousness that can be open multiple semantic horizons.

Dialectal Phenomena According to Ibn Faris (d. 395 AH) in His Dictionary, Majmal al-Lughah

Kubra J. Hussien — 2024-11-05

The Arabic language began on the tongues of the first Arabs and their ancient tribes, and those tribes dispersed and were distributed in many places, and the place must have authority over its inhabitants. This led to the emergence of many Arabic dialects, which are considered the main source from which linguists derived the material for their linguistic sciences. These dialects share a great deal of characteristics that collectively constitute what they are called, in classical Arabic, or in the common language. this study aims to monitor the dialectal phenomena mentioned in the dictionary (Majmal al-Lughah) by Ibn Faris, which he referred to by the term (language); To show the effect of the interaction of dialects in forming many patterns and forms in linguistic use, as it contained many dialects, some of which were attributed, and some of which were not, and I monitored those dialects, analyzed them, classified them, and attributed as much as possible of these non-attributed dialects to their tribes. The study monitored the famous phenomena of Arab dialects according to Ibn Faris in his dictionary, in which he touched on their meanings. These phenomena are the phenomenon of substitution, in which we discussed the phonetic dialect substitution, which is attributed to a specific tribe, and not the standard morphological substitution that occurs as a result of phonetic interactions that lead to the substitution of a sound. In other words, taking into account not to neglect the phonetic aspect of dialectal substitution.

The Hadith (Beating Children on Account of Leaving Prayer) Between Prove and Non- Prove

Bahzad K. Wahab — 2024-11-05

This research deals with (beating children on account of leaving prayer) from its narration because there are those who deny the proof and authenticity of this Hadith. It is clear if the proof of the evidence has been abolished it’s pretext will also be abolished. To prove the existence of this Hadith we have extracted it from the Suna codification which composed of Alsahah, the precepts, references and dictionaries. We have discussed syllables of Hadith. We have also discussed the ruling of Hadith by reliance on higher grand authors of Hadith from among those who came before, later or contemporary. The measurements of all narrations and Hadith methods which higher grand scholars made it acceptable is considered proven and those which are rejected are dispelled and considered unacceptable on the rule of any matter on which a text has been provided and especially if the matter of the Hadith is concerned Islam as a whole and prayer as one of the most pillars of it. Throughout this we have retorted to those who cast doubt on the authenticity of the Hadith and its proof. We have also identified what is weak and what is proven. The research has been concluded with the most important finding of the study.

Influential Fundamentalist Principles and Rules on The Meaning of Touching in The Almighty’s Saying

Othman k. Hamadameen — 2024-11-05

The issue of whether touching invalidates ablution has sparked significant debate among fundamentalists and jurists, resulting in three main viewpoints. The first asserts that any form of touch invalidates ablution, the second claims that touch does not invalidate ablution under any circumstances, even with desire, and the third posits that touch only invalidates ablution if it involves lust. This disagreement stems from differences in the linguistic interpretation of "touch," where it can refer to either physical hand contact or sexual intercourse. Those who interpret "touch" as physical hand contact do so based on general usage without implying pleasure. Others, viewing "touch" as intercourse, argue it does not invalidate ablution even if done with desire. These differing interpretations arise from variations in fundamental principles and rules of jurisprudence. This research employs a descriptive and analytical approach to examine the issue, presenting evidence, reasoning, and discussion. It concludes that each perspective is supported by strong fundamentalist rules and evidence. The researcher, however, advocates for the third viewpoint, suggesting it strikes a balance by invalidating ablution only when touch involves lust, combining evidence and fundamental principles, and serving as a precautionary measure.

The Impact of The Quality of Financial Reporting on Rationalizing Investment Decisions

Kasar A. Mohammed — 2024-11-05

The research aims to identify the impact of the quality of financial reports in rationalizing investment decisions. In order to achieve this, the descriptive analytical approach was used by designing a questionnaire and distributing it to a random sample of a number of (certified accountants in private offices, chairmen of boards of directors in commercial banks, accountants and auditors affiliated with those banks, as well as heads of accounting departments in public and private universities). In financial and non-financial institutions in Dohuk Governorate. After conducting statistical analysis, the researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that the quality of financial reports through their main characteristics (appropriateness, reliability, and comparability) has an impact on investment decisions by approximately half of them, while the rest may be due to other reasons that were not addressed in the research. It was also shown that There is a discrepancy in the impact of these characteristics on rationalizing investment decisions. The researchers put forward a set of proposals, the most important of which is the interest in applying the characteristics the quality of financial reports so that they are more accurate, appropriate and reliable, and in the end, the research presented some titles that would serve as a starting point for future studies in the same field.

Quality of life among Youth

Hardi Z. Saleh — 2024-11-20

Quality of life is an important issue and societies are distinguished in the light of this concept and the services they provide. That is, the level of development of any society depends on the quality of life of its members, including Youth people, who are important in society. The studies question is: What is the level of quality of life for young people in the Kurdistan Region? The main objective of this study is to know the level of quality of life for young people? As well as identifying differences in young people's perceptions of the quality of life according to research variables such as: gender, age, educational level, marital status, profession, type of housing, and monthly family income. This study is a quantitative study in which the social survey method was used by sampling. The study population includes all young people between the ages of 18 and 35 years, residents of the Kurdistan Region. The type and size of the sample is the intended sample of the (available) type of (508) young men. The validity of the measurement tool was (92.42%), with the stability of the questionnaire (0.854). The results of the study are presented according to several axes arranged; the quality was (education, family life and relationships, general health, emotional, mental health and leisure), and there were statistically significant differences according to the two variables (age and monthly family income). In the age variable, the difference applies to young people between 30-35 years of age, but in relation to the monthly pension income variable, the difference applies to young people Monthly income is less than 500 thousand dinars.

Multi-Party Relationship with Political and Social Stability

Rozhgar M. Ali — 2024-11-20

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between multi-party politics and social and political stability in Iraq's Kurdistan Region. The primary objective is to demonstrate how the presence and interactions of various political parties affect the social and political circumstances in this area. To achieve this main goal, the researchers have defined several secondary objectives. First, they aim to show how conflicts between political parties impact different aspects of society, such as interpersonal relationships, feelings of animosity, and desires for retaliation. This research aims to propose a multi-party strategy that promotes political engagement and the establishment of a stable governance structure in the Kurdistan Region while embodying democratic principles. The study's scope encompasses all political parties operating in the Kurdistan Region. Using a purposive sampling technique, the study sample consists of 23 leaders from political parties in the Kurdistan Region, along with prominent politicians. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method for data collection, allowing for an in-depth understanding of the perspectives of significant figures within the region's political landscape. The ultimate goal of this study is to advance knowledge about the dynamics of multi-party politics and their influence on the political and socioeconomic stability of the Kurdistan Region.

Verbal Violence and Hate Speech Related to Political Conflict

Rebaz J. Mahmood — 2024-11-20

This research endeavour seeks to study instances of verbal aggression and hate speech within social networks pertaining to concerns of political conflicts in the Kurdistan Region. The primary aim is to comprehend the utilization of such aggressive language and hate speech among social media users, particularly on Facebook, in the context of political conflict issues. The study employs a mixed methods approach, utilizing a combination of Netnography methodology, and content analysis. Five prominent Facebook posts were selected as the sample, with 100 comments randomly extracted from each post using the Export Comments website. This study’s significance is rooted in its scholarly pursuit to gain insights into the prevalence of hostile and disparaging language employed by Facebook users discussing political topics. The findings show that the expressions of Facebook users reflect the fact that political conflict is at a very intense level. According to the example taken, political hatred is widespread among supporters of political parties. Moreover, this study contributes to the scholarly understanding of the underlying patterns of employing harsh language and hate speech, drawing on relevant theoretical frameworks.

Poverty, Unemployment, Inflation and Relationship to Marriage Motivation among Youths

Ahmad A. Hama Mahmood — 2024-11-20

The aim of the study is to understand the motives and causes for marriage among young people, as well as the effect of variables such as (poverty, unemployment and economic inflation) on the desire to marry someone among young people, in this research, a descriptive method and a survey method (of the type social survey type) was used to conduct this research, the research sample is young people living in the city of Sulaimani who were between the ages of (18-34) at the time of the research, the sample consisted of (213) young people , in order to achieve the objectives of the research, a measure was used to measure the desire for marriage and the obstacles of (poverty, unemployment and inflation), the research reached the results: the motivation for marriage among young people is high and each of the obstacles (poverty, unemployment and inflation) reduce the desire of young people to marriage, men and women have the same views on the obstacles (poverty and inflation), but men believe that unemployment is a strong obstacle to the marriage process and there is an inverse relationship between the desire for marriage and (poverty, unemployment and inflation).

The Relationship of Youth Identity to Some Variables

Nabaz A. Ahmed — 2024-11-20

Identity is a dynamic and changing subject born of its time, and people often cannot resist their time and express themselves in a much different way. For these reasons, each of us's identity is different and develops. In other words, identity is more easily changed and does not require social agreement. A person with several roles can give himself different identities according to the various roles. The concept of identity, like other concepts in the social sciences, has different meanings and each science has interpreted it from its perspective.This research aims to determine the statistical difference in youth identity according to the variables (age, gender, educational level). The quantitative research was conducted descriptively, and the (social survey) method of the (descriptive survey) type was used. The segment participating in the study is young people. Residents of the Kurdistan Region who were between the ages of (18-35) years at the time of the survey. The non-probability sample consisted of (472) young people chosen by chance from the study population. The study concluded that youth identity is high among both sexes, and there is no statistical difference between them.Youth identity changes depending on age. Those who are younger have a higher identity than those who are older. Depending on the degree, young people have a higher identity from primary school to university and differ from those holding master's and doctoral degrees.

The Impact of Kurdish Media Channels on Domestic Violence, Social Deviations in the Kurdistan Region

Saman J. Mawlood — 2024-11-20

The research entitled (The Impact of Kurdish Media Channels on domestic violence, social deviations in the Kurdistan Region), it is the analytical research and in order to find solutions to the problems that most of all media structures Kurdish light and deviations in Kurdish society, and the problem of this study is the social consequences of the users of Kurdish television channels. The result of this research show that the social deviation and violence of family in the Kurdistan region is increasing. The Kurdish media is absent in solving most of the issues, because some of the message contents have poor quality, as if its direct or indirect.

‏Effectiveness of a Proposed Teaching Program of Brain -Based Learning and Self-Concept Among University Students

Dalya H. Othman — 2024-12-01

The aim of this research is to develop a proposed brain-based learning teaching program and evaluate its effectiveness on self-concept among Koya University students by identifying statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test results, and to determine its effect size on the mentioned variables. In this research, the researchers developed measures for attitude toward learning and self-concept using literature, previous studies, and an open-ended questionnaire. The self-concept scale consisted of 84 items, divided into six dimensions (moral self-concept, personality, self-confidence, academic, social, and physical), and their psychometric characteristics (validity and reliability) were assessed. The researchers developed a teaching program to enhance attitude toward learning and self-concept among university students. They employed a quasi-experimental method with a two-group design. The experimental group consisted of 19 students who were taught using the proposed brain-based learning program, while the control group consisted of 19 students who were taught in the traditional way. A paired sample t-test was used to analyze the results, which revealed the following: There was a statistically significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in favor of the experimental group on the self-concept variable, with a large effect size. Finally, recommendations and suggestions have been presented based on the obtained results.

Machko Coffee shop – An Anthropological Field Research in Erbil City

Yousif H. Husen — 2024-12-01

The Research of cultural elements is the main subject of anthropology. Due to technological advances and the development of industry and the process of globalization, the cultural values of the world society in general and the research community in particular are facing significant changes day by day. The city of Erbil has its own culture that is different from the others. Coffee is part of the cultural heritage of the Kurdish community in general and the city of Erbil in particular. The culture of tea and coffee is part of the traditional activities of the research community. Tea and coffee are the most popular beverages served to guests and visitors. Coffee has its own culture and style, and it is part of the daily activities of the research community. Whenever you visit the center of Erbil city and take a walk near the center of Erbil, you will be able to see and visit the Machko coffee shop, this coffee shop is one of the oldest places in Erbil city, this place in addition to being a coffee shop, it is like a center of culture, and it is also a gathering place for intellectuals, journalists, artists, ordinary citizens and tourists. This research is a qualitative study of cultural anthropology that has been conducted using the method of field anthropology, in the light of the functional theory, through the method of interviews, observations and direct participation of the researcher. The research community is about the Machko Coffee shop in Erbil and the example of the research is also the Machko Coffee shop.

Feminist Discourse and Motherhood Issue

Media I. Fattah — 2024-12-01

The study discusses the issue of Motherhood in feminist discourse and the discourse of the three feminist waves, which see Motherhood as one of the most prominent factors of women’s oppression and liken it to slavery, which reduces their existence and being to childbearing and raising children. The first wave of feminism proposed the idea of denying or abandoning Motherhood as an alternative solution to the oppression she suffers that robs her of the freedom to work and self-fulfilment. The second wave demanded the right to abortion as an alternative to Motherhood, which it considered an obstacle to self-realization and the exercise of its functional and social freedoms. The radical wave proposed a bolder solution: her right to choose Motherhood if she desired. However, the social relationship of Motherhood would rob her of her will and freedom, so she should resort to technology in order to become a mother through what is called artificial insemination. Thus, she will have become. Her freedom and social and professional ambitions are restricted without a marital relationship.

The ideology of the feminist movement played a significant role in changing the social awareness of women in various parts of the world, and Kurdish women had a share in the development of social awareness that changed their vision of Motherhood and began to view it as a problem in need of logical and practical solutions. Motherhood in modern Kurdish society has become one of the problems that hinder the development of working women and has increased their daily, social and psychological burdens. However, the effects of the alternatives proposed by the feminist movements varied according to the social conditions on the one hand and the extent of the Kurdish women’s ability to choose those alternatives and solutions, especially since some of what the feminist movements proposed were completely contradicted the religious and value heritage in Kurdish society, and this is what prompted her to choose alternatives that are more in line with social values and norms, such as birth control and regulation, and at other times secret abortion, or the inability to choose any of the alternatives for reasons and motives, some of which are religious. Others are social and psychological, as Motherhood, despite its difficulty as a gender role, is still a supreme value in Kurdish society, and regardless of the suffering that a mother woman witnesses, society still values the mother’s status and classifies her among the highest social ranks.

المسألة الكردية في المعاهدات البريطانية - العراقية 1922 - 1930

Juma A. Muhammad — 2024-12-01

The emergence of the Kurdish issue and its repercussions in Iraq was not a coincidence, but it had ancient historical roots, but it emerged clearly after the British occupation of Iraq. Since it was decided to place Iraq under the British Mandate according to the decisions of the San Remo Conference in April 1920, especially after the manifestations of Iraqi expression rejecting the British occupation became clear, and the rejection of British policy was embodied in the twentieth revolution, which cost Britain a lot. In order to mitigate discontent and contain the situation in Iraq in a manner consistent with the interests of Britain, and to show it the appearance of an allied country, the British authorities drafted the content of the mandate in the form of a treaty defining the relationship between the two Iraqi-British states. Especially after the establishment of the monarchy in Iraq headed by King Faisal in 1921, when it appeared about the intention of the London government to conclude an alliance treaty with the Iraqi state, at a time when the Kurdish issue was one of the main pillars in the Iraqi issue, so my choice came to the topic (the Kurdish issue in The shadow of the Iraqi-British treaties 1922-1930). It is the period between the conclusion of the first Iraqi-British treaty in 1922 until the independence of Iraq according to the treaty of 1930, as this period marked an important stage in the British political plans in defining its relations with Iraq and how it dealt in its policy towards the Kurdish issue.

The Effectiveness of Integrating Mind Mapping and KWL Strategies in Acquiring the Art of Dribbling Skills in Football

Mohammed A. Mohammed — 2024-12-15

This study aims to reveal the significance of differences for the three experimental groups in both pre-test and post-test in acquiring the art of performing dribbling skills in football, as well as the significance of the post-test differences among the three research groups in acquiring the art of performing dribbling skills in football. The researcher applied the experimental method to suit the research objectives and its problem. The research population consisted of first-year students at the Duhok Sports Institute for the academic year 2023 – 2024. The research sample was selected randomly, with an equal number in the three groups, totaling 17 students. The sample's homogeneity was verified by measuring age, height, and mass, while equivalence included elements of physical fitness, motor skills, and ball dribbling skills. After conducting a pilot experiment on the three groups, the main experiment was applied where the first group was based on the mind mapping strategy, the second group on the KWL strategy, and the third group on a combination of the two strategies, which the researcher named KWLM. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data and reach the research findings, concluding the following: The post-test showed superiority over the pre-test for the three research groups that used the KWL strategy, mind mapping strategy, and the combined strategy of KWL and mind mapping (KWLM) for dribbling skills in football. The experimental group that used the combination of KWL and mind mapping strategies surpassed the groups that used the KWL strategy and the mind mapping strategy in the post-test for dribbling skills in football.

The Effect of an Educational Program Using Small Games on Improving The Scoring Accuracy of Football Players Among Age (10-12 Years)

Kivan Kh. Ahmed — 2024-12-15

The study aimed to reveal the effect of preparing an educational program using small games in improving the scoring accuracy of football players aged (10-12) years, as well as to know the effect of using small games in improving the scoring accuracy of football players among age (10-12) years in the experimental and controlled groups in the pre-test and post-tests. The research community included players at Pires Sports Academy in Duhok city in (2021-2022), the number players were (36) players who were deliberately selected, while the research sample was selected randomly by lottery from the research community. The total number of the research sample was (30) players, and (6) players were excluded for the following reasons: (5) players who were absent from performing the tests, (1) player who abstained from practicing due to injury, and then, they were divided into two groups (15) players in the experimental group (15) players in the controlled group. The method used by the researchers was the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. the researchers used a number of tools and means were used to collect data. After obtaining the results, they were discussed in a scientific manner, and the results of the research showed, the researchers reached the validity of the proposed educational program using small games that were characterized by a joyful and competitive nature in improving the accuracy of scoring in football. The results showed significant differences between the post-test of the experimental and controlled groups in favor of the experimental group in testing the skill of scoring accuracy in football. The necessity of using small games within the training program due to its positive effect on developing the level of physical abilities of players, especially in age groups.

The Impact Of The Oil Industry On Air Pollution In Basra Governorate – Iraq No2 For Example Using Remote Sensing

Rebin S. Abdullah — 2024-12-15

The Basra Governorate contains the largest oil wealth in Iraq, with statistics indicating that it owns 15 fields out of 77 known fields, including 10 producing fields that are still awaiting development. These fields contain oil reserves exceeding 65 billion barrels, representing 59% of the total proven Iraqi oil reserves. Basra's crude oil production reached 3.35 million barrels per day, accounting for 79% of Iraq's total production.and crude oil is one of the very important and abig economic strategic and industrial resources from Basra. Oil production has a significant impact on air pollution, with the effects of the oil industry on air quality linked to its exploration, production, refining, and export.Air pollution is one of the big problems in this century, This study aims to highlight the negative impact of the oil industry in the Basra Governorate on increasing nitrogen dioxide levels in the atmosphere using aerial image monitoring with Sental p-5. The increase or elevation of nitrogen dioxide levels poses a significant danger to Basra, as the study observed a cumulative increase in nitrogen dioxide levels in the atmosphere of the governorate between the years 2021-2023, ranging from 39-65 molartes per cubic meter. The main source of nitrogen dioxide gas is areas where the oil industry is present.

التباين المكاني للهرم السكاني في إقليم كوردستان العراق لعام(2009) وتوقعاته لعام(2030)والمؤشرات المرتبطة بها

Hiwa A Jalal — 2024-12-15

The population pyramid is a simple graphical representation that displays the gender and age composition of a population. It is a significant indicator that offers first information about the demographic makeup of the population about age and gender. While the pyramid symbolizes a static condition, the population experiences continuous fluctuations as its composition shifts across different age and gender categories. The objective of this study is to provide a clear understanding of the population pyramid in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, including its geographical distribution. Additionally, the study aims to identify the spatial and temporal variations of the three age groups in the region and analyse the key demographic indicators of the population pyramid in the study area. The reliability of its projections in formulating community development plans and anticipating future needs. The study aims to achieve its objectives by examining the population pyramid in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and analysing its geographical distribution based on five-year age categories in the first section. The second section focuses on investigating the spatial and temporal variations of three specific age groups within the study area. The third component of the study examined and analysed the indicators of the demographic pyramid in the region, specifically the dependence ratio, median age, and old age. In conclusion, the study revealed that the population in the region is currently in a phase of youth, with the percentage of individuals under the age of 15 being 35.7% in 2009 and projected to be 36% in 2030. The middle-aged category, defined as individuals between the ages of 15 and 64, accounted for 60.3% and 60.2% of the population for the same years. In 2009, the aged category accounted for 4% of the population, and it is projected to decline to 3.8% by 2030.

دابەشبونی جوگرافی بۆ خزمه‌تگوزاریی‌ خۆشگوزه‌رانی له‌ شاری كه‌سنه‌زان

Obaidallah H. Yousif — 2024-12-15

The welfare services that cities provide to their residents are important because they play a role in moving people from a troubled world to a peaceful world that suits individuals and their current needs. Kasnazan town's welfare services are unevenly distributed among its neighborhoods, which does not meet local and international welfare standards, especially after the increased demand for these services due to economic development and population growth in the study area. The aim of our study is to show the distribution of welfare services and to assess the capacity of services against the population of the study area of data, their analysis and presentation. Finally, the study concluded that the concentration of welfare services in the study area varied from neighborhood to neighborhood, and the nature of distribution of welfare services according to the techniques of Moran and nearest neighbor took a random and distant pattern. At the same time, the study recommends more attention to such studies as it provides clarity to stakeholders during planning and development practices, as well as reorganizing welfare services in the study area, based on new criteria and techniques such as geographic information systems. In order to achieve our objectives, we have divided the research plan as follows: the first topic (introduction of the research area and subject), the second topic (distribution of welfare services in Kesnazan township), the third topic (analysis of welfare services). The fourth theme is the distribution of services welfare of the study area).

Kurdish EFL Learners’ Competency in Recognizing the Meaning of Contextual English Idioms

Dekan J. Hama Saeed — 2024-12-30

Idioms generally comprise basic elements of any language and culture. Master control of English idioms assists as a prime indication of language proficiency. The present study aims to explore the ability of Kurdish EFL undergraduate learners in recognizing the contextual meaning of English idioms. The researchers carried out the study using a quantitative method. The sample of the study comprised 76 learners, including 57 females and 19 males. Concerning the academic levels, 33 third year and 43 fourth year constituted the participants of the study. The research attempts to explore the variation between both genders and academic levels in recognizing the contextual meaning of English idioms. The participants undertook a test to detect their level of comprehension of the idioms. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to assess the differences between genders: male and female, and academic levels: third-year and fourth-year participants. The statistical test, Independent Sample T-test was used to analyze the data. The findings of the study demonstrated the lack of statistical differences between male and female participants in recognizing English idioms. Furthermore, no significant variations were observed between the academic levels. The results offer an understanding of our perceptions at which point gender and academic level of the learners may have implications in determining English idioms among Kurdish learners. This study focuses on the significance of using quantitative methods to investigate language competency, highlighting the need for targeted instruction in language strategies to enhance the understanding of English idioms in language teaching.