KOYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
KOYA UNIV J HUM SOC SCI (KUJHSS) is a semi-annual academic journal published by the Koya University. KUJHSS publishes original research in all areas of Humanities and Social Sciences. KUJHSS is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access journal. It has a 150,000 IQD submission charge (ASC) and article processing charge (APC). p-ISSN: 2707-9341 | e-ISSN: 2522-3259 | DOI: 10.14500/2522-3259 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Social Cooperation Among Religious Communities in The Kurdistan Region
This study examines social cooperation among religious communities in the Kurdistan Region. The method used is a descriptive social survey. The research community includes various religious communities living in Erbil Governorate, such as Islam, Christianity, Kakayi, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Baha'i, Saiba Mandaue, and Yazidi. The community consists of 384 people, comprising 204 males and 180 females. Due to the differences in the characteristics of the study sample, non-probability sampling, specifically quota sampling, was employed. The objectives of the study are as follows: 1) determine the rate of trust among the religious communities within the study sample, 2) discuss the social and cultural aspects of interreligious cooperation within the study sample, and 3) establish the relationship and compatibility between religious communities in the study sample, while also assessing the level of economic cooperation. After analyzing the data, the researchers drew the following important conclusions: There is a strong level of trust among the different religious communities in Erbil province. These communities consider religious differences when addressing problems, life's secrets, and building social connections. Socially and culturally, the religious communities enjoy positive relationships. There is a spirit of mutual acceptance, and they respect each other's traditions, principles, rituals, and sacred items. This showcases a beautiful culture of mutual acceptance among the communities in Kurdistan. Additionally, there is good social harmony and economic cooperation between the religious communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aryan S. Asaad , Zana A. Perdawd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Identity in the Information Age in the Perspective of Manuel Castells
The emergence of information technology has created unprecedented channels and services, fundamentally transforming human life and social structures. Through these revolutionary technologies, the world has evolved into an interconnected global village where diverse societies engage in continuous interaction, with billions of transactions and communications occurring daily across the internet without geographical constraints. These technological developments inspired renowned sociologist Manuel Castells to develop his comprehensive Information Age theory, examining this transformation of human society and its far-reaching implications. Castells devoted his theory's second volume to identity, including his detailed analysis of religious fundamentalism phenomena. This research examines religious fundamentalism within the Information Age framework, analyzing Islamic and Christian fundamentalism in the digital era, tracing back to the 1920s origins of this significant phenomenon. Given the sensitivity of identity and nation issues in contemporary discourse, they are explored through Information Age theory. While discussing stateless nations, Castells focused on Catalonia as a case study. Despite social, economic, political, and cultural differences between Kurdistan and Catalonia, both Kurds and Catalans represent stateless nations, making Kurdistan's examination within Information Age theory particularly relevant and insightful. Mexico's Zapatistas exemplify movements that have successfully internationalized their conflict with government through strategic use of internet and information technology, serving as prominent examples within Castells' theoretical framework. Similarly, informal groups challenging the United States are analyzed as influential social movements within Castells' perspective, demonstrating how information technology fundamentally reshapes social resistance and identity formation in contemporary society.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed A. Awla, Tahir H. Zebari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social and Psychological Reflections of Columnar Settlement
The objective of this study is to assess the social and psychological effects of living in high-rise buildings and determine the impact of services in mitigating these consequences. The study employed a quantitative approach, using a descriptive method through a social survey with sample examples for analysis. A survey form was developed by the researchers, comprising four dimensions: social, psychological, economic, and service. The scale's psychometric properties were evaluated to ensure validity and reliability. The study population consisted of families residing in high-rise residential communities in the center of Erbil. The sample included 380 residential units in high-rise buildings, selected using stratified sampling. The key findings of this study indicate that overall, the social, psychological, and economic consequences of high-rise housing among the study participants are moderate. Furthermore, while there is no statistically significant difference in consequences between males and females, there are significant variations across age groups in all dimensions (social, psychological, economic, and service). Regarding the impact of services on outcomes (social, psychological, economic), it was observed that services do have an effect, with an inverse relationship, meaning that higher availability of services corresponds to lower social, psychological, and economic consequences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehtab M. Omer, Abdulmajid Gh. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges of Implementing the Student-Centered Learning Approach at Koya University
The objective of this study is to identify the primary obstacles faced by educators in implementing the student-centered approach at Koya University, particularly within the Social and Human Sciences departments, where the Bologna Process has been in use for the past two years. The study examines various factors that directly influence the effectiveness of this pedagogical method. The research was conducted through Semi-Structured interview with a specific sample of 20 Lecturers who has completed pedagogical training and possess experience in utilizing the student-centered approach at Koya University. The population consists of lecturers from Koya University, with focusing on the Humanities and Social Sciences departments for the academic years 2023 and 2024. The findings indicate that the primary challenges include limited time, insufficient resources, and a significant number of students unfamiliar with the student-centered approach. This unfamiliarity creates an additional barrier in transitioning from a teacher-centered to a student-centered model of instruction. Furthermore, the lack of collaboration among educators, the inconsistency in teaching methods, and the weak linkage between the university and the community are identified as critical impediments to effective student-centered learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hazim A. Ramadhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effectiveness of the Mind-Mapping Strategy on Developing Contemplative Thinking Among Sixth-Grade Students in the Social Sciences Subject
The purpose of the research was to determine how the mind-map strategy affected the contemplative thinking skills of sixth-grade social science students. To accomplish their goal, the researchers employed the experimental approach. Sixty students made up the research sample, which was split into two groups at random: (30) students in the experimental group and (30) students in the control group. The experimental group was given the mind map strategy, while the control group studied as usual. After following all psychometric recommendations, the researchers prepared a reflective thinking questionnaire to assess the research's stability. A Pearson correlation coefficient of (0.89) was used in the retest. (Cronbach's Alpha) coefficient indicates that it is equivalent to (0.91). The researchers prepared (16) teaching plan for the experimental group and (16) teaching plan for the control group according to the Mind Maps strategy and the ordinary method. The experiment began on 23/1/2024 and ended on 8/4/2024. After the experiment was completed and the tool was applied, the data was organized by using (SPSS) and following of the pre-and post-tests, the results are as follows: In favor of the experimental group, there are statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) in the arithmetic mean scores between the control group, which studied the usual approach, and the experimental group, which studied the mind-map strategy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aram Isaa Mirza, Fahmi Y. Hamdamin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Descriptive of Aspect, Its Similarities and Differences with Tense and Mood in Kurdish Language
This research is devoted to the category of aspect, or the emphasis of the state of attention in the uttered situation. Moreover, the similarities and differences with tense and mood. i.e. presenting the grammatical and semantic structure of "aspect" in Kurdish Language. To fulfillment this purpose many features and topics have become the tools of the research. The morphological, syntactic and semantic characteristics of category of aspect based on international principles were highlighted because Kurdish Language is a tense language rather than being aspect, but this does not mean that it is not aspect, this fact has been settled. The reason for indicating this designation is that today languages ​​are analyzed and described to present the items and the verb structures, but discussing Kurdish aspect independently is infrequent, so shaping this study along with some other related topics were considered essential. To conduct this research and accomplish the specified outcomes, descriptive-analysis method has been implemented. Furthermore, to provide the materials and examples the utilized resource and the colloquial language of (Kurdish Language - Central Dialect - Sulaimani Sub-Dialect) have been used. The structure of the study, in addition to an introduction which is a starting point of the research, is divided into three sections. First section is an introduction of aspects and its functioning principles. The second section is devoted to the structure of aspect and its other principles. The last section compares aspect with tense and mood. The study concludes with the most important achieved results and the bibliography.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khoshnaw A. Hama Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Interactional Analysis of Characters in the Kurdish Folklore Story
Psychology is the study of human psyche in all its hidden areas, benefiting from superficial codes or symbols or voice changes and reflections. It introduces a type of personality or perhaps better than it is and states its weaknesses and strengths. So, dealing is through its intensity and flexibility in work, its patience and intolerance in performing tasks, through type of words used, tone and vocal rhythm of personality, are so important for this science. Accordingly, this research relied on models of levels, or psychological states of three levels; Mother and Father, child, Mature), analyzing psychological states and knowledge of characters in Kurdish folklore stories. This research entitled “Comparative interactional analysis of characters in the Kurdish folklore story (Herch and Roovi and Deni Doshavi)”, according to (Eric Berne) theory, determines functions of those characters. From another viewpoint, discussions, interactions, and dealings of these characters will be taken into account. The research will clarify their psychological state and proportion of upbringing for these actions, thus, we will clarify their influence and maturity. This research will work on the basis of presence or absence of foundations of this theory in Kurdish stories, proportion of reflections of family upbringing, and its reflection on the characters of Kurdish children clearly through these stories. Finally, the research reached a conclusion that it is possible to apply this theory to Kurdish folklore stories for children, because, these levels were correctly clarified and proven in stories.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peyman M. Omer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Inside System of Syllable in Kurdish language
This research is titled ((The inside system of Syllable in Kurdish language)) the scope of the research includes Central Kurdish (Sorani) Dialect. Therefore, the examples presented here are relevant to this dialect and they are analyzed according to Synchronic-Analytic method. In general، the internal order of the item plays an important role in determining the ratio of the pitch and the length of the vocals. For this purpose، the vocal sounds must be tested in the inside and outside of the string, so that there is a difference in the ratio of the shortness and length of the vocals. This indicates the difference between the smallest vocal unit in the inside and outside of the voice at the phonological level. Also presenting the statistics of short and long vowels of Kurdish language. It will affect the way most of the spelling problems of our language are solved. The most important results of the study are the identification of the shortness and length of vowel sounds, which plays an important role in solving the problem of spelling in our language, especially in writing one <u:> and two and writing one and two <i:>. This issue can only be resolved according to the phonetics of our language. Inside the environment, a phoneme is the smallest unit of sound, but outside the environment, a syllable is the smallest unit of sound. The vowels [a, o:, u:, ê] have a longer duration and a stronger formant than the vowels [u, ə, i, ɨ].
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebin Kh. Khdir, Adil R. Qadir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cognitive the Image Schema of Proverbs in Kurdish
This study, entitled (cognitive the image schema of proverbs in Kurdish, the image schema of space and Locomotion‌ as an instance) tries to present the principles of image schema theory in cognitive semantics in Kurdish language. Also, the interpretation of proverbs and the examination of how the schemas and body parts of proverbs with the names of body parts are related to the understanding of the meaning of proverb. In cognitive semantics (the conceptual structure is embodied), that is, based on the relationship with the environment, each person gains insight, which is the result of this interaction. One of the most important conceptual structures in the study of cognitive semantics is the design of images within the framework of cognitive semantics, Image schemas that have a spatial structure are considered the basic cognitive patterns. The image schemas are formed under the influence of the physical experience of movement, the characteristic of the container and the volume of the phenomena, the application of force, the breaking of obstacles, distance and proximity, and other things. Schemas are perceptual and pre-conceptual models that, in the next stages, human beings extend to the abstract field as well. Thus, this study, via using a descriptive analysis method analyzes Kurdish language proverbs in the light of cognitive semantics, especially image schema theory, in order to conceptualize the speakers' physical experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kazhal J. Mohammed, Salam R. Rashid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Dystopia of Murder in Dilshad Kawani's Barigawa
In literature, dystopia represents a corrupt society, as opposed to utopia, which represents an ideal society. Both concepts address philosophical questions through imaginative exploration. Dystopia is a relatively new theme in Kurdish novels. "Baregawa" (On the Way) is the first Kurdish novel based entirely on dystopian fantasy. The novel depicts the most heinous scenes of murder within its dystopian setting. Our research topic, "Dystopia of Murder in Dilshad Kawani's Novel 'Baregawa'," aims to present the types and methods of murder depicted in the novel. For this purpose, we employ a descriptive analytical approach to depict and investigate the phenomena of killing and murder in detail, highlighting their dystopian context. This study is significant as it represents the first dystopian analysis within the field of Kurdish literary criticism, specifically focusing on the theme of murder. The study consists of two parts: the first part theoretically discusses the concept of dystopia. dystopia of murder, the novel and the nature of murder, while the second part presents the types and methods of murder in the text of the novel as well as murder in wars and between groups. Finally, the study summarizes its findings in several key points and lists the sources used.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarbaz M. Omar , Rawand S. Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Plots in Novels according to Freytag’s Pyramid – Crystal Novel as an Example
The title of this research is “Plots in Novels according to Freytag’s Pyramid – Crystal Novel as an Example”. This research aims explaining the concept of the plot in novels in the light of Freytag’s Pyramid taking into consideration aspects of the nature, subject matter and existence of this notion. Moreover, it highlights the importance of utilizing the plot as a technique in the progression of the storyline of novels. The concept of the plot is associated with (ideas, events, characters, conflicts, places and time) and on the other hand the study discusses how the plot helps in advancing the novel through five stages of the plot. Furthermore, the plot is discussed in terms of the terminology, definition, characteristics, elements, types and components. More so, the research practically explains the five main stages of the plot in accordance to the Freytag’s pyramid and the way the pyramid was used in the current novel for the purpose of understanding the nature of the concept of the plot. As a consequence, it is evident that this novel, used as an example in this study, has gained a special place due to the noteworthy plot which has been meticulously composed as can be observed in the novel’s events, actions, the mental and physical states which the characters have experienced, the level of narration, the place and the time. It ascertains the impact of the concept of the plot on the structure of this novel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdulrahman A. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dream of Spiders" by the Kurdish writer and novelist "Sherzad Hassan
Conclusion A dream is a series of fantasies that a person has during sleep, or a mental activity that may occur as a result of a response to a stimulus or a specific impulse, everyone agrees that dreams in general come during sleep, a person when he wakes up from a dream remembers that it is a dream and not the reality, but dreams come between Sleep and awakening, and scholars differed as to the direct reason that leads to seeing dreams,” In the novel "Dream of Spiders" by the Kurdish writer and novelist "Sherzad Hassan. A husband and wife dream of finding themselves in the character of a spider. It consists of an introduction, two articles, a conclusion, and there is a summary in Arabic and English, and a list of sources. Where the first topic consists of the two branches, the first section consists of the definition of the dream and the waking dream, the concept of dreaming by thinkers and specialists in this field, the second branch consists of types of dream in theory, the second section also consists of the two branches the first branch where the theory is applied It was mentioned in the first topic in the novel ". The second branch applies the remaining types in the aforementioned novel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azad M. Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Language Problems of the Kurdish Subject Curriculum of the First Circle - According to the Linguistic-Linguistic Basis
The title of this study is "Evaluating Language Issues in the Grade two Kurdish Curriculum Based on Linguistic Principles". It assesses and examines the linguistic challenges present in the Grade 2 Kurdish textbook, analyzing the texts within the book based on language and linguistic principles. The aim is to identify shortcomings in the language of the curriculum and propose corresponding solutions. Thus, the Ministry of Education – Curriculum Department of the Kurdistan Regional Government can be notified of the problems to address them in the upcoming editions.The study utilizes a descriptive and analytical approach to highlight the importance and impact of textbooks in the process of education and teaching. During the evaluation of Grade 2 textbook, it emphasizes on the language problems in writing primary level textbooks in Kurdish and presents some perspectives on the language of writing texts such as using the standard language to write the curricula, focusing on the correct spelling of the letters and words, accurate completion of words, verbs and their abbreviations as well as following morphological and syntactic rules in writing curricula. The curriculum should be designed in a way that includes all the principles of the curriculum. Introducing students to reading and writing language and assessing their progress through different stages is crucial, especially during the primary years. The focus should be on developing writing, reading, spelling, and cohesive writing skills, as this stage is about solidifying letter recognition and writing techniques.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haji A. Haji, Talya A. Braim, Rawaz H. Braim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Concept of Practical Criticism in Kurdish Literary Criticism
A broad spectrum of critical studies operates by implementing and advocating for working within the frame of the concept of practical criticism, however, this term does not have a single applicable concept, principle, or model. Rather, it has different forms, theoretical backgrounds, and cognitive structures. From this viewpoint, this research provides a critical examination of how the term "practical criticism" is defined and applied in Kurdish literary criticism. This article examines the notion and definition of literary criticism, focusing on the critical theory of I. A. Richards. Based on this theory, it explains the concepts, objectives, and principles of practical criticism. The study also analyzes and evaluates how the term is formed, and how it is understood and practiced in some of the critical works in Kurdish literary criticism that have claimed to use and work with this term. In this regard, within the boundaries and framework of meta-criticism, it explains and investigates how the term practical criticism is present and applied in the critical research of Kurdish critics. It explains the reasons behind the understanding and how the term is utilized. In addition, it explores and discusses all the forms used in the discourse of Kurdish literary criticism as synonymous with practical criticism. In addition to these applications, the dominant understanding and the general concept of practical criticism, and the lack of understanding, practicing, and working within the framework of the specific concept of practical criticism in the circle of theorized arguments have been explained and evaluated.
Copyright (c) 2023 Karzan K. Ameen, Fuad R. Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Body Language in the Poetry of Several Kurdish Poets
Language is one of the fundamental principles of textual structure, particularly in poetry. It is subject to various criteria depending on the psychological state being expressed. Both linguistic and non-linguistic expressions are directly related to the human mind. This research explores the role of body language in expressing feelings and thoughts in poetry and how physical movements can become a silent symbol for the deep connection between individuals. Body language invites the reader to interpret bodily gestures in a way that transcends a specific and tangible meaning. This perspective can lend a sense of mystery to the poem, which may be reflected symbolically, emotionally, or even spiritually. In poetry, body language plays a crucial role and becomes a significant part of poetic aesthetics. This study highlights the ability of several poets to use body language, including (Kajal Ahmad, Abdulla Pashew, Latif Halmat, Faraidun Abdul Barznji, and Salih Bechar). A descriptive analysis of their poems was conducted, and a comprehensive statistical survey on the use of body language was carried out using samples from their poetry collections. It was revealed that the eye is a significant source of body language for every poet, followed by the mouth, lips, and face, and then the neck, hands, wrists, and shoulders, respectively. The study consists of two parts: the first part discusses the theoretical aspects of body language, and the second part discusses body language in poetry, presenting its psychological effects and analyses.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazira S. Mustafa, Hemin A. Shams , Srusht J. Hawez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Advertisement of Instagram Public Figures and Impact on Purchasing Behavior
The objective of this study is to assess the influence of advertising by Instagram public figures on purchasing behavior among female students at Salahaddin University, as well as to understand the reasons behind their exposure to such advertising. This research adopts a descriptive approach, employing a survey method and utilizing an online form to collect data from a stratified random sample of )205(female students enrolled in the Arts, Management, and Economics colleges at Salahaddin University. The importance of this study lies in its practical and media relevance, highlighting a significant aspect of the impact of social media content. It focuses on the level of trust that female students at Salahaddin University place in the advertisements shared by influencer on their accounts. From a media science perspective, this research can serve as a valuable resource for those seeking information in the field of platform advertising. In conclusion, Instagram public figures exert a significant influence on the behavior of female students at Salahaddin University, particularly in terms of their trust in the advertised content. These students generally rely on these figures when making purchasing decisions for goods and services. Moreover, there exists a statistically significant correlation between the level of motivation, reliance, and trust in Instagram public figures among female students at Salahaddin University and the resulting effects on their purchasing behavior.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azad A. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Application of Remote Sensing Science in Drought Detection in Marshes of Southern Iraq
In recent years, many parts of Iraq have been experiencing climate change, and now remote sensing data (Satellite Images) through the use of programs (ERDAS IMAGINE) and (Arc GIS) are widely used to detect change climatic conditions. Based on Landsat satellite images (4-8) for the March of each year (2000-2013-2023), the drought conditions in the Marches study area of ​​southern Iraq through LSWI Index. However, the study shows changes in the area of ​​the marshes area over 23 years through the NDWI index. The study used 21 satellite images (Landsat 4-8). The study shows that the area of ​​the marshes is estimated at between 10,000 and 30,000 km2 the area of ​​the marshes in southern Iraq according to the comparative years was as follows: in 2000 (8.21%), in 2013 (15.58%), in 2023 the rate reached (19.98%). The results show that both LSWI and NDWI indices were very appropriate in detecting drought phenomenon and showing the area of ​​marshes in the study area. In this study, the researchers propose the establishment of a permanent government expert committee to address the phenomenon of drought and the existence of cooperation between representatives of the committees and universities and institutes, as well as scientific stations, through the use of advanced organizational equipment Forecasts for weather types such as rainfall, temperature, wind and moisture
Copyright (c) 2025 Rashid Haji, Sarhad H. Taha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatial differences in Temperature of 500 Millibar Pressure level in Iraq
The 500 millibar pressure level is considered one of the most important pressure levels in the troposphere, it represents the middle of this layer at an altitude of about 500 millibar above sea level. The aim of this study is to show spatial differences and their effects on temperature at 500 millibar pressure level in Iraq, for this purpose, the daily weather map determines the entire pressure level in eight points for. We then converted the data in the maps to Excel data to find the monthly and annual average temperatures of the areas. To show the effect of spatial differences on the temperature of this level, we compared the data according to different regions in terms of space and time and then analyzed the different factors that affect this pressure level. To achieve the objective of the research, we have divided the research into: Theme 1: Spatial difference of annual average temperature for 500 millibar pressure level, Theme 2: Monthly difference of 500 millibar pressure level temperature, Theme 3: Factors affecting 500 millibar pressure level temperature. The results of this study show that the differences in location affect the temperature recorded according to regions and months, so that the more we go from the northern Kurdistan Region to the southern Iraq, the average temperature increases, The coldest month in the western part of North Kurdistan recorded a temperature of -24.6 degrees Celsius, while the warmest month in central Iraq recorded a temperature of -0.9 degrees Celsius. This means that considering the difference in location different factors affect the temperature of the pressure level of 500 millibars
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawre P. Tawfeeq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Procedural System for Discipline of Those with Special Grades in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq
The public sector includes a category of employees who manage state institutions and higher authorities and work to protect and manage the interests of the state, and each of them is charged with applying legislation in matters related to his administration or field of competence. The difference in the job that a special-level employee assumes may create difficulty in defining his concept, given that the jobs The public sector in the country varies according to the field assigned to it, and therefore the access of any person to a vacant public position requires that he fulfill a set of conditions and follow the procedures established for filling it, in order for the job association to be held in accordance with legal principles and for the employee to enjoy the rights and benefits prescribed for this position. The disciplinary system is considered a major pillar of the functional relationship in any functional organization, and it is inconceivable that there is a functional relationship without the disciplinary system having a place in it for multiple legal texts. This is not due, of course, to the desire for the administration to organize the disciplinary responsibility to achieve the goals for which it was decided to establish. This functional entity, in addition to ensuring the regular and steady functioning of the facility.
Copyright (c) 2025 Twana J. Abdulwahd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Study and Investigation of the Manuscript “Safwat Usul Al-Fiqh” [The Elite of the Principles of Jurisprudence] by Sheikh Abdul Rahman Bin Nasser Al-Saadi
This research aims to investigate the manuscript of “The Selected Elite Principles of Jurisprudence from Mukhtasar Al-Tahrir” written by Sheikh Al-Allamah Abd al-Rahman bin Nasser al-Saadi, the greatest Najd scholar during the twentieth century (May Allah Have Mercy on him). No doubt studying his writings will greatly contribute to the principles of jurisprudence. In this manuscript, he summarized and selected from the books on the principles of jurisprudence to produce one of the best and most accurate texts on the subject of jurisprudence. It is an excellent summary of great benefit, as it includes: the science of the principles of jurisprudence, and the rules of jurisprudence, and it comprehensively includes important issues in the principles of jurisprudence. This research is divided into an introduction, an introductory section introducing Sheikh Abd al-Rahman al-Saadi, followed by a description of the manuscript copy "Safwat Usul al-Fiqh," then, an investigation of the manuscript, as well as a conclusion, including recommendations and the most significant outcomes that have been reached. In writing his manuscript, Ibn al-Saadi excelled, as he covered the most important issues of jurisprudence in four pages. At the end of this research, we recommend that there is an immense need to pay attention to examining, investigating and verifying manuscripts, which play an important role in preserving the heritage of Islamic scholars and reinforcing their contributions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebwar H. Abdullah, Zana A. Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The subject of custody is of great importance, as it directly impacts the physical and educational development of the most significant being created by God – the human. After the dissolution of a marriage, custody becomes one of the most critical issues arising from it. The upbringing and care of children are of utmost importance, and determining which parent – the father or the mother – is more entitled and capable of providing custody remains a matter of careful consideration. Custody means caring for, nurturing, and protecting the child until they are able to defend themselves, their rights, and meet their life needs independently. One of the most common disputes currently brought before courts revolves around custody and determining who is legally entitled to it. This matter requires thorough academic and legal analysis, especially as protecting children’s rights has become a central principle worldwide. In fact, countries are now evaluated based on their adherence to the rights of children and women. In this research, we examine the concept of custody and its legal nature within Iraqi law, the French Civil Code, and the legislation of some Arab countries. We also discuss the pillars and conditions of custody to clarify its essence. Furthermore, we highlight cases where custody is forfeited, the process of reclaiming it, and the distinction between recovery and transfer. Finally, we present proposals to better define custody rights, set conditions for custodians, and suggest procedural rules for custody lawsuits, hearings, judgments, and their consequences.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awat K. Hamadamin, Jawad F. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Mortgagor's Authority to Dispose of the Mortgaged Property Between Restrictions and Non-Restrictions
The ‘Ownership Authority’ grants the owner various rights related to the disposition of their private property, particularly in cases of real estate. The reason is that it remains one of his most significant authorities that needs to be taken into account, notwithstanding that the existence of rights of other relevant parties greatly limits the owner's ability, specifically, in the cases of transferring ownership. The property's mortgage procedure mandates that the mortgagor follow lawful procedures, which include getting the mortgagee creditor's prior consent before executing any dispositions that transfer ownership. Within this framework, and in two sections, the researcher focusses on the extent of the mortgagor's authority to carry out certain actions to their properties, including the transfer of ownership of the mortgaged property to other parties, the nature of such actions if taken, and the limitations imposed by the law along with the arguments supporting such restriction as well as these related actions. Furthermore, the procedure's most significant adverse effects will be discussed. In this research, we discussed the scope of the mortgagor’s authority to carry out actions that transfer ownership of the mortgaged property, and the restriction created by the legislator in this regard, with a statement of its nature, in addition to the justifications for the restriction and the actions concerned with it, with reference to the most important negative consequences resulting from it. All of this came within the framework of two sections, and a conclusion that includes the most prominent results and recommendations, with a list of sources.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rebaz A. Bakir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Contemporary Critical Reading of “The Eighth Journey” by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra in Light of the Theory of Affect Anxiety
The encyclopedic critic and writer Jabra Ibrahim Jabra distinguished from other critics in that he collected criticism of arts and literature in one book entitled (The Eighth Journey), which is a comprehensive work that touches upon various arts in his criticism. Jabra intended to advance artistic criticism - at that time - to reach the level of creativity that had made great strides in renewal and modernization at all levels and in various artistic and literary fields. The book, as a distinguished critical achievement, brought with it the admiration of creators and critics alike since the late sixties of the last century until today. We decided that our reading of this critical masterpiece should be in light of the theory of anxiety of influence, so our research was titled (A contemporary critical reading of “The Eighth Journey” by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra in light of the theory of anxiety of influence). This research aims at the field of critical studies as a fertile field for readings and criticism of criticism, and within its folds the obsession of anxiety has grown and the structures of influence have floated over it. Therefore, the guidance of the theory of anxiety of influence and its main premises in Harold Bloom’s proposals was a methodological framework for this research paper to address critical readings in the book The Eighth Journey and demonstrate its effectiveness in application in fields other than poetry, especially the spaces of various arts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramadhan M. Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Autobiographical Discourse in Selected Models of Contemporary Iraqi Literature (2003-2020)
Autobiography is considered a modern prose literary genre and a form of literary art in which the author presents details of their personal life in their own words, using their own voice. The author conveys their life experience in a captivating narrative style, maintaining honesty and integrity in recounting events while avoiding bias and arrogance. This art has evolved in response to the rapid changes in contemporary societies around the world. It draws from the writer's memory and presents themselves to the reader as either a witness or a participant in past events, marked by personal and psychological characteristics. This study aims to explore autobiographical discourse due to its importance in modern narrative studies by examining selected examples from five autobiographies published in contemporary Iraqi literature between 2003 and 2020. These include: A Branch Grafted with a Strange Tree by Salah Niazi, The Seer in the Darkness by Fadhil Al-Azzawi, The Waves by Abdullah Ibrahim, Writing and Life by Ali Al-Shouk, and Rebellion Against the Commandments by Lutfiya Al-Dulaimi. These autobiographies differ in the topics they address, although they all share concerns related to the modern history of Iraq. The research is divided into an introduction, a preface, and three sections. The first section discusses the formation of autobiographical identity. The second section deals with narrative structure, with the first subsection focusing on diaries, and the second on memoirs and recollections. In the third section, on autobiographical facts, we address two subsections: one on letters and another on quotations and intertextuality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bekhal Namiq Hassan, Nzar Sh. Shakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Landmarks Jurisprudence Al-Maqasidi Al-Rasheed at Al-Zalami
The research addresses a topic of great importance in our contemporary reality, which is Maqasid jurisprudence and its scientific and practical applications according to Allamah Al-Zalami, as this eminent scholar has a great interest in Maqasid understanding and its manifestations in his books. This and others are a reason for study.The importance and goal of the study lies in the fact that the subject of downloading rulings and applying them to facts and developments in the light of rational Maqasid jurisprudence is a high and sublime characteristic of this solid Sharia that is compatible with every time and place and all areas of human life. Therefore, knowledge of Maqasid jurisprudence, considering it and applying it in the light of interests and harms and applying it to the facts must be knowledgeable. Developments are at the heart of the work of the jurist and scholar, and this is what we see in Al-Zalami. The study was based on the inductive and analytical approach. The problem of the study also lies in the extent of the formulation of Maqasid jurisprudence and the interest in it according to Al-Zalami. The study also reached a set of results, including: Al-Zalami based his intentional approach on achieving and transmitting rulings and applying them to social facts and events based on taking into account the outcome, results of actions and human actions, and Al-Zalami’s systematic distinction in presenting means and objectives and their role in deriving rulings, and determining the appropriate and harmonious ruling. developments and contemporary facts on the basis of objectives without mixing between them.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hashm O. Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Marketing Leadership of a Dynamic Business Environment in Enhancing Marketing Flexibility
he research aims to provide a clear concept of marketing leadership for the dynamic business environment in enhancing marketing flexibility for a number of furniture factories and stores operating in the city of Dohuk, taking advantage of the marketing leadership of these factories and the capabilities and creative skills of the workers and the modern technologies possessed by these researched factories, as their importance stems from interest in customers. And interact with them and get to know their opinions about the products they offer currently and, in the future, as they are the main factor in the markets, which helps these laboratories with market orientation and superiority over competitors. The current research relied on testing marketing leadership as an independent variable with its dimensions, marketing flexibility as a dependent variable, and an analytical field framework to identify the nature of the correlation relationship. And the effect between the independent variable on the dependent variable, and this is what prompted the researcher to formulate a number of main and subsidiary hypotheses. These hypotheses were tested through the use of a group of analytical statistical methods. (60) questionnaires were retrieved that were valid for statistical analysis of these researched organizations. It was concluded that the research led to a set of conclusions, the most important of which were: The idea of ​​marketing leadership and its future directions gained momentum because it demonstrated the importance of marketing to achieve success towards competitors, and it was an important topic for research in the twentieth century when automation and technological development were driving change in the business environment as it operates in a dynamic competitive environment. Among the important proposals reached by the research: the need for leaders in the researched organizations to pay attention to their brand, the implementation mechanism: working to attract the largest number of customers, and working to find ways to raise the purchasing power of customers to enable them to buy their original products of distinctive quality, and to avoid missing the opportunity. On traditional products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad A. Omar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Organizational Agility in Enhancing Organizational Reputation
The current research studies the role of organizational agility in enhancing organizational reputation through a sample of teachers at Zakho University. The researcher relied on theoretical literature to clarify what is related to the research variables, and the research adopted a main problem, which is (Does organizational agility has a role in enhancing organizational reputation?), and a research model was assumed. To clarify the nature of the relationship and impact between the research variables represented by the independent variable (organizational agility) and the dependent variable (organizational reputation), and to address the problem, the researcher used the descriptive analytical approach by designing a questionnaire form to collect information from a random sample of a number of teachers, which reached (53) individuals. The questionnaire included questions distributed over both research variables, the independent variable (organizational agility. The statistical program (SPSS) was used to reach correct scientific results. The researcher proved, through the collected data, the validity of the research hypothesis that (there is a positive significant correlation between organizational agility with all its dimensions and organizational reputation), which is (** moral at the 0.01 level). Among the proposals included in the research is working to achieve the university's competitive advantage through its organizational agility and raising the performance of the teaching staff by opening teaching courses inside and outside the university and increasing the level of commitment of the teaching staff towards their university, and increasing their participation in decisions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awaz H. Mohammad Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring and analyzing the impact of revenue policy shocks on the net general budget and GDP in Iraq for the period 2004-2023 using the SVAR model
The study aims to investigate the impact of revenue policy shocks on Iraq’s net general budget and gross domestic product (GDP), focusing on how global oil market fluctuations disrupt fiscal policy. The study hypothesises that revenue shocks stemming from these imbalances significantly affect Iraq’s net budget and GDP at current prices. The study employed unit root tests with structural breaks, cointegration, and causality tests, followed by a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model. The findings reveal that a one standard deviation shock in general revenue notably impacts the net budget, and similarly, a comparable shock in public revenue significantly influences GDP. The results also confirm a unidirectional causal relationship from public revenues to the net budget. To mitigate the adverse effects of revenue shocks from oil price fluctuations, the study recommends structural reforms in the budget and GDP composition. The study's suggestions include boosting investment spending and rationalising current expenditures, which could strengthen fiscal resilience in the face of volatile public revenue from oil.
Copyright (c) 2025 kovan T. Ghazi, Bahaa M. Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Organizational Agility in Achieving Customer Satisfaction
The research aims to explain the role of organizational agility and its dimensions in achieving customer satisfaction in a number of private hospitals in the city of Sulaymaniyah in Iraq. The research was conducted by reviewing a number of literature sources to clarify the theoretical background for both organizational agility and customer satisfaction. To achieve the objectives of this study, the research employed a descriptive-analytical method. Data and information were collected through a questionnaire form distributed to a sample of members of the research community, which numbered (143) individuals in several private hospitals in the city of Sulaymaniyah, The statistical program, spss.v,26, was used to analyze the data collected from the study sample, and some statistical methods were used for analysis, such as arithmetic means, standard deviations, and extracting the correlation and regression coefficients between the study variables and their dimensions. The research problem was formulated with the main question, which is (Are the dimensions of organizational agility adopted in hospitals in the city of Sulaymaniyah?. To answer the research question, a hypothetical plan for the study was formulated that reflects the relationships and influences between the two research variables. The research reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, and one of the most important conclusions is the presence of a statistically significant moral effect of organizational agility on customer satisfaction. Among the most prominent recommendations of the research is enhancing organizational agility. And improve its efficiency and effectiveness in providing health services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shilan S. Majeed, Jalal A. Muhammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Customer Capital and Its Contribution to Enhancing Strategic Value
The research aims to determine the extent of customer capital’s contribution to the strategic value, The research was conducted in the number of tourism and travel offices in Duhok and the Zakho Roy administration. The research also assumed that there is a significant, statistically significant influence relationship between the variables of client capital and strategic value in the offices investigated. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive analytical approach was used (65) questionnaires were distributed to workers in the tourism and travel offices in Duhok and the independent administration of Zakho. All forms were retrieved and four forms that were not suitable for analysis were excluded. Thus, (61) forms were approved for analysis and statistical programming (SPSS26) was used, which Through it, frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means, and standard deviation were obtained for use in describing and diagnosing the research variables. The simple correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the two research variables, and simple linear regression was used to measure the significance of the effect of, customer capital, on the strategic value. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive moral correlation between client capital and strategic division. The research concluded with several proposals, the most important of which is enhancing interest in client capital and its dimensions in the offices studied to enhance the strategic value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ihsan M. Hussein, Nechirvan S. Mahmood , Parwar A. Muhammad Tahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Organizational Readiness and its Impact in Organizational Prestige
Purpose: The study aims to examine the impact of organizational readiness, represented by (top management support, organizational culture, organizational flexibility, and vision clarity) in organizational prestige, represented by (organizational reputation, organizational identity, and external organizational perception) and analyzes the relationship between them at the University of Duhok from the perspective of department heads. Design/Methodology: To achieve the research objective, a descriptive-analytical method was employed for data collection and analysis. An electronic questionnaire (Google Form) was utilized to gather responses. The study sample consisted of all (101) department heads, with a final response rate of (92) department heads at the University of Duhok. Research hypotheses were tested using SPSS Version 25. Findings and Recommendations: Results indicate a significant impact of organizational readiness on organizational prestige at the aggregate indicator level. This suggests that a higher level of organizational readiness at the University of Duhok enhances the university’s ability to elevate its organizational prestige. Key recommendations highlight the importance of applying organizational readiness dimensions effectively in practice to strengthen organizational prestige and adapt to environmental pressures and changes. Originality/Value: The research is valuable due to the scarcity of field studies examining the relationship between organizational readiness and prestige within the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, presenting a knowledge gap. Addressing this gap through empirical studies enables a better understanding of this relationship. The study offers insights into the practice of organizational readiness dimensions within the investigated university, contributing practically to enhancing its organizational prestige.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nizar M. Ali Alsulaifani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Judicial Audit Procedures in Confronting Financial Corruption in Economic Units
This research aims to explain the role of judicial audit procedures in confronting financial corruption in economic units from the point of view of a sample of auditors, highlighting the importance of judicial auditing, and identifying the role that judicial auditors play in reducing financial corruption. Therefore, the importance of the study lies in its being an objective study that examines that judicial audit procedures contribute to confronting financial corruption and thus highlighting the role of the judicial auditor in particular in the courts. The researcher prepared a questionnaire (questionnaire) according to a five-point Likert scale (completely agree - agree - neutral - disagree - completely disagree) and by benefiting from some previous studies in the field of their research. The questionnaire consisted of (24) questions directed to a sample of auditors in Kurdistan Region / Iraq, and after conducting statistical analysis, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, The most important of which is the presence of a positive and above-average moral correlation between the two variables (the skills and knowledge present in judicial auditing) and (the methods and activities practiced by judicial auditing) and the reduction of financial corruption. This is supported by the overall correlation coefficient value of (.512) and ( .646), respectively, at a significance level of (0.01), and the probability value reached (0.000), One of the most important recommendations is to provide specialized judicial auditors who have comprehensive knowledge of accounting, auditing, and investigative skills in light of legal knowledge, to be experts or consultants who contribute to supporting lawsuits, assisting judges in establishing the truth, achieving justice, and discovering cases of fraud and corruption.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vian S. HamaSaeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measurement and Analysis of the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Governance on International Trade in a Group of Asian Countries (2000-2022)
This study aims to measure the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) and governance on trade openness in a group of Asian countries during the period (2000-2022). The research addresses the central problem of whether FDI complements or substitutes international trade, and what the relationship is between governance indicators and international trade. The study tests the hypothesis that FDI has a positive effect on international trade, and that governance indicators positively influence international trade. To examine the effect of the research variables on international trade, the study uses trade openness as a proxy for international trade (which is represented by exports and imports as a percentage of GDP). The research employs a quantitative approach, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method to estimate the model parameters. The results indicate that the explanatory variables significantly affect trade openness. Specifically, there is a positive and statistically significant effect of GDP, FDI, and government effectiveness on trade openness in the countries under study. Additionally, there is a statistically significant negative effect of regulatory quality, and an insignificant negative effect of exchange rates on trade openness in the sample of Asian countries. The study concludes with several recommendations, including the need for countries seeking to increase their international trade to focus on government effectiveness and regulatory quality indicators, as they play a crucial role in shaping the volume of international trade. These factors help reduce transaction costs and ensure property rights in economic exchanges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jyan J. Shiba, Abdulhameed S. Dhahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Smart Leadership in Digital Transformation
The current research aims to clarify the concept of the role of smart leadership in achieving digital transformation for a sample of administrative leaders in the Traffic Directorate of Duhok Governorate in order to choose the most appropriate and necessary adaptive procedures for rapid response to continuous environmental changes, through business models that rely on digital technologies to support, develop and innovate services that contribute significantly to improving the services provided in line with modern trends. The current research relied on the smart driving test as an independent variable and the digital transformation as a dependent variable to identify the nature of the correlation and influence relationship between the research variables. The Duhok Traffic Directorate was chosen as a field to conduct the practical aspect, as the data was collected based on a questionnaire form for a sample of administrative leaders in the Duhok Traffic Directorate consisting of (50) forms valid for statistical analysis through the (SPSS V.22) program. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: A significant correlation appeared between the dimensions of smart driving and digital transformation, in addition to a significant influence relationship of smart driving on digital transformation. In light of the conclusions, a number of proposals were presented, the most important of which are: the necessity of strengthening and activating the dimensions of smart driving and harnessing them in a way that enhances the ability of the researched directorate to develop its digital capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kawar F. Ali, Zeravan B. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Efforts of Sassanid Kings to Restore Central Power 488-579 AD
This study entitled (Efforts of Sassanid Kings to Restore Central Power 488-579 AD) is a critical study of the efforts of Qubad, Khusrow Anushirwan Sassanid kings, one of the most important events in Sassanid political and civilizational history It was mostly rewritten by historians of the Islamic period, but they seem to have benefited from Sassanid sources. In the late fifth century AD, the Sassanid state faced several economic, political and military crises, which weakened the centralized royal power Even the great dynasties of the country took over the main nodes of the state, including the army and treasury, which made the state run by them for a while, while the Sassanid kings tried to regain that hegemony, since they were entrusted with legitimate power. Because Islamic historians have rewritten their information from Sassanid sources, especially under the influence of Zoroastrianism, some issues such as Qubad's(488-493 and 498-531 AD) support for Mazdakism can be considered apostasy and chaos, and Khusrow's (531-579 AD) subsequent reforms, who revived the religious and social principles of the Sassanid state, seems to have caused this king to be called the chaos of the Mazdakid movement By studying this issue critically, we come to the conclusion that the other goal of the reforms of these kings was to strengthen the central authority and also benefit the public, which is also in the interest of that authority.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kameran M. Jalal Majeed, Nawroz H. Ali, Mzhda A. Abubakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geometric Patterns and Six-Pointed Star Motifs on Shaddadid Emirate Coinage: A Historical-Analytical Study
Abstract: This study examines the coinage of the Shaddadid Emirate in the Arran region, focusing on their use of six-pointed star motifs and geometric patterns. The Shaddadids achieved administrative and financial independence, demonstrated through their coin production featuring distinctive decorative elements executed in Kufic script. Using content analysis and historical sources, the research analyzes coins as documentary evidence from various emirate rulers. The geometric patterns and star motifs served decorative, aesthetic, and space-filling purposes on coin surfaces. Key findings reveal that the Shaddadids minted only dirhams bearing their names, suggesting economic limitations preventing dinar production. Each new ruler attempted to remove predecessors' names from coinage. These coins enabled financial independence and facilitated economic transactions. The six-pointed star motif served multiple purposes: astronomical and astrological significance, influence from non-Muslim civilizations (particularly Armenian Christian families connected to some rulers), and commercial facilitation in trade relationships with non-Muslim neighboring authorities. The coinage represents a crucial element of the emirate's economic autonomy and reflects the complex cultural and religious influences shaping Shaddadid monetary policy. This numismatic evidence provides valuable insights into the Shaddadid Emirate's economic capacity, cultural influences, and strategic diplomatic considerations through their distinctive use of stellar and geometric decorative elements on currency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hawre J. Hamadamen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges Facing the Political Participation of University Students
Abstract: This study aims to identify the challenges and obstacles faced by university students in political participation. The research was conducted using a quantitative approach with a social survey method and a random sample of 372 students from a population of 4,455 Koya University students during the 2023-2024 academic year. A 34-item scale, covering four dimensions—institutional, socio-cultural, psychological, and political—was developed and distributed to the sample via an online survey. The key findings indicate that the overall level of obstacles to political participation among Koya University students is moderate. Among the dimensions, the institutional obstacles were the most significant, while the political dimension showed the lowest level of challenges. Demographic factors, particularly gender, had an influence on the political dimension, with male students facing more difficulties. However, party affiliation or neutrality did not have a significant impact across any of the dimensions. In conclusion, the barriers to political participation among Koya University students are not high, but the gendered nature of political engagement in the community results in males being more exposed to political challenges. Party affiliation appears to have no effect on the obstacles faced by students.
Copyright (c) 2025 Basida H. Anwar, Hazim A. Ramadhan, Dastan O. Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatial Differences for Marriage and Divorce in Dukan District Between (2013-2023)
Between 2013 and 2023, Dukan district has seen a significant trend in the divorce rate, which reflects the social, economic, cultural, political and military changes that the region has faced, especially the war against ISIS and economic and political problems affected the population These factors are contributing to the problems, especially family problems, increased divorce rates and decreased marriages, while the values ​​associated with family and marriage have begun to change, freedom to decide to divorce has increased the number of divorces According to the data of Dukan Preliminary Court and Piramagrun Preliminary Court, the number of divorces in the district has increased from 61 in 2013 to 78 in 2023, while the number of marriages has decreased In 2013, the number of marriages was 460, but in 2023, the number decreased to 423 marriages. The importance of this study is that we realized some data and information on divorce in the study area that has not been published before The problem of this study is that the increase in population has an impact on the increase in divorce rates and the consequences on the population and the study area. Explaining the risks of separation on individuals and society in the future in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Peshraw S. Tofiq, Shwan S. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Intermittent Training on Neuromuscular Coordination and the Ability of Table Tennis Players
In order to develop indicators and objective evidence of the effects resulting from stopping training, as well as to understand the relationship between training cessation and neuromuscular coordination and the forward and backhand spiral skills of table tennis players, it is important to have a clear understanding of the effects of stopping and restarting training. The association between halting and continuing training with the unique neuromuscular coordination (eye-hand) and (leg) of female table tennis players, as well as the forward and back spiral talents of these players, is revealed. Because of its applicability and the nature of the research, the researchers employed the descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of seven players, or 77.77% of the research population of nine players, and the research sample was removed. The research population comprised players from the Iraqi table tennis squad for the 2022–2023 sports season. (2) Participants in the reconnaissance experiment. To determine the validity of the tests and measurements employed and their applicability to the level of the study sample, the researchers carried out a reconnaissance experiment. After that, they taught the supporting work team on them. The three levels' tests and measurements were then carried out using statistical techniques (SPSS). The three main findings are that the research subject experienced a non-significant decline in their forward and backward spiral strike skills, a significant decline in their neuromuscular coordination, and a significant decline in their forward and backward spiral strike skills after a four-week training break.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizgar M. Khudhur, nasir M. Ibrahem, Taha Q. Omer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Conflict Between the Tribes of Mecca and Medina at the Beginning of Islam
One of the most prominent characteristics of pre-Islamic Arab society was the rivalry and conflict between tribes. This feature played an important role in the relations between cities, as each city typically consisted of several well-known tribes. Economic and religious ambitions often led to indirect attempts by each tribe to establish its own hegemony over others. At this time, this phenomenon had a significant impact on the relationship between the cities of Mecca and Yathrib. This study aims to examine the underlying causes of intertribal conflicts between the tribes of the two cities in the pre-Islamic period and to investigate the extent to which these conflicts persisted into the Islamic era, particularly in the context of the tensions between Muhajir Muslims and Al-Ansar during the Prophet’s time. In this article, the Analytical method has been employed, as the analysis of past events has proven highly beneficial for studying and interpreting the roots of conflicts. The most important results of this article is that the tensions between the Muhajir and Ansar were, in fact, an extension of earlier tribal rivalries between the tribes of the two cities, reemerging in a different form under the influence of new socio-political realities during the Prophet’s era. The article is structured into three main sections followed by a conclusion. The first section addresses the social and environmental differences between the two cities; the second examines the intertribal relations of their tribes ; and the third explores how environmental disparities influenced the patterns of these relations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeed M. Nadir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reasons Behind Political Alienation Among the Kurds During the First Abbasid Era (132-232 AH/749-850)
The Kurds emerged as a prominent ethnic group with a unique approach to political engagement throughout the Middle Ages, often appearing to lag behind other powers. This characteristic reluctance to engage in political conflicts is attributed to their distinct perspective on surrounding events. This analysis seeks to delve into this phenomenon. A particular focus of this investigation is the Kurds' role during the Abbasid era. Despite the establishment of their state in Iraq, especially during the reign of Abbasid I (132-232 AH / 749-847 AD), the Kurds were noticeably absent from state institutions, setting them apart from other ethnic groups. This paper aims to shed light on the reasons behind the Kurds' exclusion from political authority during this period. This study examines the various factors contributing to the comprehensive exclusion of the Kurds from political activities during the reign of Abbasid I (132-232 AH / 749-847 AD). These factors include historical circumstances that have perpetuated the Kurds' marginalization since the pre-Islamic era, hindering their participation in political processes. Additionally, the Kurds occasionally aligned with anti-central forces, deliberately keeping their distance from the prevailing authority, influenced by their nomadic lifestyle and enduring Kurdish identity. The impact of Kurdish exclusion on the political landscape and its influence on the collective mindset towards political decentralization are underscored. Moreover, the direct impact on the social fabric of Kurdish society is addressed. Addressing this exclusion requires a concerted effort to tackle its root causes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kamaran A. Abdullah, saman O. Alee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Christian Civilization on Islamic Civilization 41-656 AH / 662-1258 AD
The influences of Christian civilization on Islamic civilization are numerous and varied, necessitating several studies to explore the dimensions and consequences of these interactions. This study presents the channels through which these effects were transmitted and their various long-term outcomes. To achieve these objectives, the research employs the method of analytical historical writing. The work is divided into two themes to systematically fulfill the specific results. The first theme elucidates the dimensions influenced by Christian civilization, including management and administration, construction and architecture, arts and culture, education, and teaching. The second theme examines the interactions of Christian civilization with Islamic civilization during the Abbasid period, focusing on the translation movement and its impact on fields such as history, geography, mathematics, astronomy, decorative arts, sculpture, economic relations, and sciences like chemistry, medicine, and philosophy. This study posits that Christian civilization played a crucial and foundational role in the formation of Islamic civilization during its early stages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shamall K. Hassan, Shwan O. Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Fundamental Relationships Between Poetry and Thought. For Instance, Some of Zainab Khan's Poems
This title of this research is "The Fundamental Relationships between Poetry and Thought. For instance, some of Zainab Khan's poems. The research is an ontological study of the fundamental relationships between poetry and philosophical thought. To determine the principles of this relationship, first, the source and worldview of two types of poetry are distinguished. One of their sources is this specific reality that exists and affects the poet's psychology. The other source is the thought and the intellectual and ontological worldview that is established poetically. Through the ontological analysis of poetic examples, the study emphasizes the ancient and fundamental relationship between poetry and thought, which dates back to ancient Greece. It has been a matter of question and interest for thinkers. The research consists of two parts, the first part contains two topics, and the first topic is entitled The Basic Principles between Poetry and Philosophical Thought. In this topic, we will explain the principles of the world that determines the nature of poetry, which originates from philosophical thought, based on the views of several thinkers, the fundamental relationships between poetry and philosophy. The second topic is devoted to presenting the cognitive roots of poetry and the question of truth in poetic thought. The second part analyzes some of Zainab Khan's poems in four themes that discuss the deep issues of the nature of life, man, existence and the importance of thinking. Thus, the poems do not only reflect an aesthetic form of language, but also reflections on decisive issues. In addition to presenting a deeper exploration of the inner human experience, the poet's poetic thought establishes the principles of enlightenment and the message of consciousness of another kind of culture that is different from the contemporary poetic intellectual is, he announces.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahabad A. Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Procedures for the Enforcement of Disciplinary Measures on Police Officers: An Analytical Study
The issue of imposing disciplinary punishment on a public servant is one of the issues regulated by the rules of the public service, in order to correct the behavior of the offending employee and prevent them from deviating from their job duties, as well as to achieve the public interest by regulating the functioning of public facilities. The police apparatus is entrusted with a set of tasks entrusted to this element in order to achieve the objectives sought by that body, and although the personnel of the police profession hold the status of public servants, the nature of their work requires that they be subject to their own legal system, and abide by the duties and tasks entrusted to them. The majority of legislation in countries has accepted the principle of the legality of disciplinary sanctions, as it has defined the penalties imposed on employees of the security facility exclusively, and these penalties came from the lowest to the highest according to the severity of the violation through a disciplinary system. This is not considered an arbitration privilege on the part of the administration, but rather a set of principles whose provisions are regulated by law, as there are procedures followed by the competent authority to impose disciplinary punishment on police personnel, and this authority is the "Discipline Order".
Copyright (c) 2025 Tebin A. Omer, Darw Q. Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring And Analyzing the Impact of Money Supply Components on Foreign Reserves After Implementing the Electronic Platform in Iraq for the Period (2022-2024)
This study examines the impact of money supply components on foreign reserves in Iraq during the period (2022–2024) following the implementation of the electronic platform. Due to the platform's restrictions, net restricted foreign reserves became the primary driver of money creation through the monetary base. After the electronic platform was implemented and in accordance with international standards, Iraq was required to move its reserve funds to finance international trade, making foreign reserves dependent on the monetary base. As a result, increasing demand for the local currency leads to higher foreign reserves through a current account surplus, contributing to the stability of the currency and exchange rate. On the other hand, an excess supply of local currency reduces foreign reserves and limits their flexibility in adjusting to exchange rate fluctuations through monetary sterilization policies. The monetary policy of the Central Bank of Iraq is governed by the components of the monetary base, which is constrained by oil revenues through the state budget. The monetary base expands through increases in net domestic credit or net foreign reserves. If the Central Bank increases domestic credit under the conditions of Iraq and other oil-dependent rentier countries, an increase in the money supply will lead to a reduction in foreign reserves due to the fixed exchange rate in the Iraqi economy most of the time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Vajeen S. Salih, Akram salih, Qasim K. Abdulkareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Swear Words in Southern Kurmanji – Types, Functions and Attitudes
Swearing is a linguistic phenomenon that exists across all cultures and societies. The Kurdish culture is one of those cultures in which swear words and expressions are abundant. The current study examines the types, functions and instances of swear words and expressions and the attitudes Kurdish people of southern Kurdistan, whose dialect is southern Kurmanji, have towards this aspect of language. To collect data on swearing in Kurdish language, 208 participants answered a questionnaire and 80 of those participants partook in unstructured group interviews. Results indicate that Kurmanji speakers of southern Kurdistan use swear words primarily as a means of venting out anger. The participants swear mainly with acquaintances and friends targeting their character and intelligence. The participants believe that swearing is wrong but a necessary evil, i.e. they are reluctant to resort to this linguistic phenomenon under certain circumstances (e.g.: anger and frustration). Speakers seem to avoid taboo or sexual swear words or expressions presumably due to the religious and cultural background of the participants. In addition, the use of swear words and expressions tends to be age and social status related, i.e. speakers, when using swear words and expressions do so minding age and social status of the other. This study will hopefully provide some insight into and highlight the sociolinguistic and cultural significance of this language phenomenon among speakers of southern Kurmanji dialect of Kurdish and Kurdish speakers as a whole.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed A. Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
What is truth, and what do we mean when we say a proposition is true? Is truth in any sense dependent, or independent of mind, what is the criteria of truth? These are questions central to the study of truth. Philosophers remain split over the nature of truth, which is one of the most fundamental questions in philosophy. According to the correspondence theory and in light of our gut feelings, we say a belief is true when it corresponds to the way things actually are, when a fact or an event corresponding to it can be established beyond the belief, or generally when the belief corresponds with reality. But there are situations where a belief is evidently true, yet no corresponding factor is present. It is partly these cases where no such reference to the world can be determined, that have led some philosophers to tie truth to mind, a position advocated by coherence proponents who argue that the truth of a belief consists in its coherence with the entire body of our knowledge. In this essay, I aim to survey key problems in these two rival accounts of truth, and argue in favor of the correspondence notion, which draws its appeal from our intuitions and common sense on matters of truth and falsehood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salim M. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effects of Shadowing Technique on Boosting First Year Students’ Listening Comprehension
Although listening skill is a fundamental language skill among other language skills for foreign language learners, students frequently face challenges in understanding spoken language, making it difficult for them to develop their listening skills, and often struggle with listening comprehension. Effective listening comprehension facilitates the development of language. To help students overcome these challenges and improve their listening comprehension, these issues must be recognized, and effective listening techniques must be implemented. The study aims to show how the shadowing technique helps student’s English listening comprehension. This research was employed as an experimental study with a non-equivalent control group design. Purposive Random sampling was selected and used, consisting of 20 subjects of fresher students of the English Department- College of Education- Salahaddin University-Erbil for the academic year 2023-2024, who are taught listening comprehension using the shadowing technique. The students were divided into two groups: control and experimental. Data was collected via pre- and post-multiple-choice tests and audios of listening materials. Descriptive and T-test analyses were used to understand learning methods and outcomes. The study concluded that shadowing is an effective technique for teachers to use in the classroom. With this technique, students become more comfortable with using longer or more challenging audio clips and repeating the process to boost their skill in listening. Besides, regular incorporating shadowing into listening comprehension helps students become more confident and fluent in listening skill.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nazenin Sh. Bapir, Baraat FaqeAbdulla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Investigation of Lusory Attitudes of Students in Educational Games
Games have increasingly been integrated into educational environments because they have the potential to increase motivation and enliven learning activities. Games provide students with a situation where they will actively participate and create interesting environments. However, some issues need to be considered to increase the educational value of games. For example, they need to be correctly adapted to predetermined educational goals and these goals need to be clearly shown. In addition, the rules that are indispensable for games need to be presented in a way that does not leave any gaps. Although educational games have aspects that encourage learning and participation, they also have aspects that cause undesirable results under competitive conditions. In this case, students may violate the rules to win the game. Thus, the educational purpose can be deviated from, and the intended integrity can be disrupted. This study emphasizes how the competition between two classes playing an educational game violates the rules of the game and the risks posed by competitive dynamics. Thus, it shows how games deviate from their purpose when they diverge from being collaborative learning tools to competing ambitions. The aim of this paper is to show educators what negative consequences educational games can have in situations where competition is high and how students can go beyond ethical rules.
Copyright (c) 2025 Behcet Celik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cohesive Ties and Their Impact on Children's Story Comprehension
This study examines the significance of cohesive ties in constructing children’s stories and their influence on children story comprehension. Simplicity is one of the essential conditions by which children’s stories are recognized. This study aims to determine the occurrence frequency of cohesive ties in two children’s stories, illustrate the impact of their uses on the degree of clarity and ambiguity children’s stories and point out their influence on the children’s comprehension to such kind of genre. The stories employed are ‘Golden Windows’ and ‘The Pig Brother’ by Laura Richards. This study adopts both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It is quantitative as it finds out the frequency of the use of cohesive ties in the selected children’s stories. It is qualitative as it determines the influences of the use of cohesive ties on the construction of children’s stories, and on the process of conveying messages in such stories. This study adopts Halliday and Hasan (1976) cohesion model for the recognition of cohesive ties. One of the significant concluding points this study has come up with is that the simplicity and the clarity of the children’s stories are mainly connected to the avoidance certain cohesive ties such as exophora, clausal substitution, verbal ellipsis and clausal ellipsis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bikhtiyar O. Fattah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Between Life and Death: Uncanny Spaces in The Lovely Bones
Alice Sebold’s the Lovely Bones (2002) is a poignant exploration of grief, loss, and the supernatural, narrated by the deceased protagonist, Susie Salmon. Through her tragic story, Sebold crafts a narrative blending thriller, mystery, and horror, while exploring the psychological and emotional aftermath of Susie’s brutal murder. The novel’s supernatural dimension, with Susie narrating from the afterlife, evokes uncanny feelings that blur the boundaries between life and death. Freud's concept of the uncanny is essential to understand the novel’s emotional and atmospheric tension. The eerie atmosphere in Sebold’s work arises from the unsettling reversal of familiar experiences, particularly through Susie’s dual existence, present yet absent, and her interactions with the living. As Susie’s voice continues to influence her family and the world she left behind, she disrupts the natural order, creating a spectral presence that forces characters and readers to confront unresolved trauma. This paper examines the novel in the light of Freud’s concept of uncanny, focusing on how Sebold uses this psychological concept to enhance readers' engagement with the novel's central themes. The novel’s portrayal of heaven as an unsettling, liminal space, filled with Susie’s unfulfilled desires, mirroring Freud’s idea of the return of the repressed. The Lovely Bones creates a narrative that invites readers to experience the unsettling intersection of the known and unknown.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rukhsar N. Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychological and Literary Analysis into Tuesday with Morrie through Choice Theory
The current study examines choice theory, a psychological theory that humans need to live peacefully. Additionally, it explores the psychological development of human beings through literature. A novel, Tuesday with Morrie, proposes that individuals rather than external events shape their lives through the choices they make. To become a resilient individual who can handle life hurdles conveniently, they should consider their inner world and manage their real-life situations in line with the current theory. From deeper view, Morrie Schwartz is analyzed within the framework of Choice Theory's five basic human needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. The protagonist, Morrie Schwartz, exemplifies this approach by maintaining emotional resilience, purpose, and affection in the face of his terminal illness. Conversely, Mitch Albom faces difficulties with external control psychology, allowing money, success, and work demands to dictate his life negatively. Through Morrie's teachings, he gradually begins to prioritize emotional fulfillment, self-awareness, and meaningful relationships. In the shed of light, the transfiguration in the study uncovers a significant metamorphosis in his character, for this reason pointing to the possibility of inner development, internal growth. In short, the analysis demonstrates how literature can be a tool for self-discovery and mental clarity as well as a means of emotional connection. Morrie is depicted as a mirror to study human nature in literature and how evolution happens by offering psychological insight into human development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayub M. Edan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effects of Pre-Planning Time Task and Critical Thinking Task on English Language Learners’ Writing Performance
This study examined the effects of integrating critical thinking exercises into EFL writing instruction by comparing traditional methods with an adapted approach that incorporates pre-writing discussions. Sixty senior English students participated, divided equally into experimental and control groups. While both groups demonstrated similar overall improvements in writing proficiency, the experimental group showed a statistically significant enhancement in the quality of essay content, suggesting that structured critical thinking activities—such as debate and collaborative analysis—help learners generate more original and well-supported arguments. However, no notable differences were observed in other writing aspects, including focus, organization, grammar, or word usage, indicating that critical thinking interventions primarily enrich content rather than technical writing skills. The results highlight the importance of pre-writing cognitive engagement, where students analyze, evaluate, and refine their ideas before drafting, leading to deeper topic understanding and more persuasive argumentation. Despite the lack of broad writing gains, the study underscores the value of critical thinking in fostering richer content development, particularly in argumentative writing. These results suggest that while conventional writing instruction remains effective for overall proficiency, supplementing it with critical thinking strategies can significantly enhance the depth and persuasiveness of students' written work. For educators, this implies a need to balance foundational writing skills with targeted critical thinking exercises to optimize both content quality and linguistic accuracy in EFL writing instruction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Frishta Aizifard https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0