KOYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
KOYA UNIV J HUM SOC SCI (KUJHSS) is a semi-annual academic journal published by the Koya University. KUJHSS publishes original research in all areas of Humanities and Social Sciences. KUJHSS is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access journal. It has a 150,000 IQD submission charge (ASC) and article processing charge (APC). p-ISSN: 2707-9341 | e-ISSN: 2522-3259 | DOI: 10.14500/2522-3259 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Peasant; Identify and Participation in Uprising of Abbasid Eastern Caliphate
The study of the life and identity of peasants during the Middle Ages, specifically within the Abbasid period (132-224 AH / 749-856 CE), represents an underexplored area of micro-historical research, necessitating further in-depth investigation. This research employs a method of fragmentary evidence to examine the concept of the peasant within political and economic contexts. Additionally, analytical methods are utilized to critically assess the available fragmented evidence, leading to informed conclusions. Of course, these searches are more difficult when the sources refer to categories of farmers that are very rare and propaganda, and more times the source mixed between Lord lands and Peasant; however, more attention was paid to political and military issues, and the upper classes of society were in front of the subjects referred to in the sources. So we need to search in some different sources like; literary, geographical, linguistic, religious, and moral and advice, morality and advice sources. This study treats the peasant as an agent of social dynamics, focusing on their identity and personal life, and their broader societal impact. The research delves extensively into the peasants' role in political and social spheres, deliberately excluding agricultural aspects for future exploration. The first section addresses the etymology and historical usage of the term "peasant." The second section investigates the peasant's identity as an individual and as an active societal participant during the medieval period. Finally, the third section explores the involvement of peasants in uprisings and revolutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Soran B. Bahaa, Salah C. Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Piracy in the Ottoman Empire, a caravan of Balisan as an example
Bandits work and caravan stripping have deep roots in history. Due to the extent of the borders of the Ottoman Empire, bandits work existed throughout the history of the state. This work is a challenge at the social, commercial and administrative levels It created a great commercial economy for the Ottoman state and the people Every convoy that went from one place to another was attacked by the road gangs. A convoy from Balisan district was one of the convoys that was attacked by the border gangs and their belongings were confiscated. This paper, entitled: Piracy in the Ottoman Empire, a caravan of Balisan (1892) as an example, consists of three main topics, each topic contains several sub-topics, along with the events of the trade caravan Balisan and interpretation of an Ottoman archival document about the incident, briefly and in detail It describes the history of bandit's warfare, the reasons for its commission and the methods of bandit's warfare in the Ottoman Empire. The aim of this study is to understand the economic and social conditions of the Kurds and the regions under the Ottoman Empire Scientific issues are raised, the most important of which are economic and social aspects. Also, the method used This research is a comparative analysis method, based on scientific criteria has tried to prepare a concise and informative research. Thus, in the light of the titles and sources used, several conclusions have been obtained at the end of the study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fakhir A. Ababakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Fear in the Strengthening of the Civilization in (330-427) Constantine City as an example
Fear has had a crucial impact on human beings’ entire history. It influences different dimensions of will and thought motivations. Fear has mainly built civilizations and resistance. Middle centuries have witnessed a civilization that remains significant in the present time of human life. Fear has become the key reason for Qustantinya's founders and defenders to use every method for protecting the city and its civilization from a series of threats from different attacks. thus, fear signifies in establishing and protecting the civilization. This study clarifies the role of fear in strengthening the key factors of civilizations. The study contains three chapters. Chapter one includes the analysis of the reasons of establishing civilizations. Chapter two mentions the establishment and strengthening the factors of civilizations in four different points: first is the clarification of society and needs that how fear impacts this factor on civilizations, second is the country authority that this city could become the center of politics in the core civilization, third is the detail about the city and its geographical importance is shown, the fourth is the ideological factor. Chapter three elaborates on the importance of Qustantinya city as the center of civilization, and the role of fear in resistance and progress. The study concludes that fear is a primary reason for protection, progress, building development, and many other dimensions in human beings’ lives within civilizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 saman O. Alee, Ismael Kh Nawkhosh, Diyar M. Taher, Ahmed A. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dimensions of the Lack of Continuity of Kurdish Power in Kurdistan
In this study, we aim to investigate the reasons for the lack of continuity of Kurdish power in Kurdistan after the collapse of the Kurdish principalities of the Abbasid period. From the second half of the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD to the first half of the sixth century AH / twelfth AD, within less than a century, all the Kurdish principalities fell, and the Turkish nation replaced the Kurds, ruling under different names and families. To address this question, we will analyze this phenomenon at three levels. Firstly, on a personal level, we will explore the absence of a charismatic Kurdish leader, which is crucial for the political landscape. Additionally, the Kurdish emirs and tribal chiefs, driven by personal desires instead of patriotic intentions, also contributed to the lack of continuity. Furthermore, the general dimensions played a role, as the fragmented nature of Kurdish society and its geographical location amidst conflicts influenced the situation. The external dimension, in particular, led to the dominance of the Turkish race in Kurdish areas, supported by power and the feudal system. As a result of these factors, Kurdish political power lacked continuity, remaining on the periphery of political events and fading from the historical power narrative."
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamaran A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antonius and the Reasons for the Failure of his Policies in the East
This study which is entitled (Antonius and the Reasons for the Failure of his Policies in the East) deals with the Roman leader Antonius taking control of the eastern part of the Roman state, especially after the division of the Roman states between him, Octavian, and Lepidus within the formation of the triumvirate (tripartite authority). The research is mainly concerned with Antonius's policies in the eastern part of the Roman State, whether related to his military campaigns against the Parthian Kingdom and Armenia, or relevant to the political and military problems that resulted from them. Antonius tried to cover these measures with other diplomatic or military procedures. The Eastern issue was not limited to these policies, but the issue of Egypt, especially its Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra, was one of the important issues if not the most, where his emotional relationship which formed the most prominent topics that relate to the issue of the Roman political and ideological interests. The study attempts to take an analytical and critical approach to these events through Roman sources and modern references. The Books and studies that address the campaigns and policies carried out by the Roman commander were conducted through narrating the events without delving deep into analyzing some of the opinions of Roman historians. Some researchers have examined the context of the events without analyzing or criticizing the opinions of some accounts presented by Roman historians who took the traditional side of the Roman point of view of those events.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kameran M. Jalal Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The personality of Sultan Zahir Bibers (658-676 AH/1260-1277 AD) in the study of some European orientalists
Sultan Al-Zahir Baybars 658-676 AH / 1260-1277 AD, one of the most famous prominent Islamic figures during the Crusades between the Islamic East and the Christian West, which was known as the Crusades, With all that Baybars' personality contained of virtuous qualities such as courage and Religious attributes, in addition to his role in defending the Islamic state, and his defeat of the Crusaders and Mongols, and despite the positive deeds and qualities that distinguished him, However, his personality was not without negatives as well, as evidenced by what Islamic sources indicated before Christianity, In this study, the researcher attempts to present the Orientalists' view of the personality of Baybars, As Sultan Baybars occupied a large space in the studies and research of Orientalists, Given his influential role in the relations between the East and the West and his role in changing the balance of power during the Crusades and the Mongol invasion. In light of the above, the researcher is trying to draw a graph of the image of Baybars among Orientalists. We can say that the European Orientalist historical discourse was greatly influenced by the burden of historical memory burdened with concerns about the conflict between the Islamic East and the European West since the Middle Ages, especially during the Crusades and the Reconquista in Spain. Through this study, the researcher attempts, by following the opinions of these Orientalists, to show Baybars' personality through Islamic sources first, and then delves into the opinions of Orientalists, trying to find similarities, differences, and deviations if an,y in what Europeans wrote about this character
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed R. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Composition of the Military and Its Impact on the Safavid State (1588–1629)
The Safavid state represents a crucial period in Iran’s modern history, attracting considerable scholarly attention, particularly in the context of civilization. This interest arises from the need to understand past social and political dynamics to illuminate broader historical developments. From its inception, the Safavid state sought to establish a military force grounded in national authority and a newly formed government. Analyzing the composition of this military force provides essential insights into Iran’s political and societal structures during this era. The reign of Shah Abbas I (1587–1629) was particularly significant, marking a period of transformation and progress. At the outset of his rule, Shah Abbas demonstrated a forward-thinking approach, learning from past experiences while formulating a clear vision for the future. With strong resolve and rational decision-making, he implemented crucial political reforms, the most notable being the establishment of a well-equipped military force. Strengthened by advanced contemporary technology and European military expertise, this force enabled Iran to compete militarily with other leading states.This study aims to provide a concise analysis of the military organization during the reign of Shah Abbas I and assess the impact of his military reforms in shaping a new army structure. Utilizing a historical-analytical approach, the study examines various sources to present a comprehensive understanding of the period. These reforms facilitated the integration of Gurjis, charkas, and Armenian elements into the Safavid military, revitalizing its traditional composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dara T. Kaka Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Criticism of Orientalists of the Messenger (Peace Be Upon Him), the Text of the Hadith, and its Transmission Chains
The Sunnah has been subjected to criticism by deviant sects in the past and by Orientalists in the present, and they have raised many and varied doubts about the Messenger (PBUH), the Hadith and their methods, and doubts about the Hadith Text and its Chains of Transmission. This research intended to discuss the following issues: The concept of Orientalism, the objectives of Orientalism, the Orientalists' method of studying Islam, their criticism of the Messenger (PBUH), and explaining their most prominent doubts and responding to them, the Orientalists' criticism of the Hadith Text and its Chains of Transmission, and the variations in authentication and weakening amongst Hadith scholars.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hashim I. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Values of War in Islam and Beyond in Light of Surah Al-Anfal
Islamic law came with the heavenly message of supporting peace, without, and it set values ​​for war since the time of the Prophet, as there was no trace of values ​​at that time, and the West set international law no more than one hundred (100) years ago, so there is a huge difference in Islam’s superior progress in values ​​and morals compared to the West, and working with these beautiful values ​​increases social peace in society, which directly affects the lives of Muslims and others, and therefore we tried to write the current research with the aim of restoring these lofty values ​​and concepts. This research deals with how the Holy Quran addresses the concept of war and its values ​​as mentioned in Surat Al-Anfal and how to spread peace and tranquility among all people and remove injustice from all humanity, with an analysis of the relevant verses and their interpretation in the context of Islamic ethics and humanitarian principles, and a comparison between humanitarian values ​​in Islam and others, and between humanitarian values ​​in wars as addressed by other systems and legislations. After that, it reviews how these values ​​are applied in Islamic wars compared to what is mentioned in international laws and contemporary humanitarian treaties, as well as compared to the values ​​followed in other civilizations and cultures, thus presenting a distinct and balanced model that focuses on protecting lives and respecting human dignity even in times of war.
Copyright (c) 2026 shwan G. Rafeeq, Arazw N. Rasheed, Aumed M. Abdulghani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quantitative assessment of water erosion in the basins south of the Little Zab River using the Gavrilovic model (EPM) (Gavrilovic)
Water erosion is a significant phenomenon in geomorphological research due to its rapid impact on landscape formation. It encompasses all movements of surface water, including precipitation and runoff. In mountainous environments, soil erosion poses a critical threat to natural resources, particularly soil, essential for food production and vegetation growth. Erosion diminishes soil productivity by degrading its chemical, physical, and organic properties. The extent of erosion by surface water is influenced by various factors such as soil type, soil management practices, characteristics of drainage basins, and soil texture. Numerous models have been created to predict soil erosion and deposition, with one of the most significant being the Gavrilovic model, also known as the Erosion Potential Method (EPM), named after its developer, Gavrilovic, in the 1950s. This model has seen recent application following advancements in information and technology, particularly with the integration of geographic information systems for layering and rate application. The EPM model is specifically designed for mountainous basins and areas prone to erosion. The study area is situated in the northeastern part of the Kurdistan region and Sulaymaniyah governorate, south of the Little Zab river, positioned between the Galala Basin and the Gom Valley. For instance, based on the Gavrilovic model, the area experiences severe erosion, ranking highest for flat erosion-prone zones. The erosion volume measures less than 50 cubic meters per square kilometer per year, placing it in the top position for erosion severity in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Halmat T. Saeed, Ahmed Y. Ali, Nali J. Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Identifying Suitable Locations for Small Dam Construction and Rainwater Harvesting in Khanaqin District Center
Facing the impacts of global climate change, the Khanqin District Center—like many other regions in Iraq—has encountered the problem of diminishing water resources. This issue directly affects citizens' daily lives and local agriculture. Due to the construction of large dams on the Tigris River and the effects of climate change, this area has faced a water crisis. This research was conducted as an important factor for determining suitable locations for rainwater harvesting and the construction of small dams in the center of Khanaqin district. In this study, the Multi-Criteria Analysis) methodology, along with GIS and RS techniques and Model Builder in ArcGIS 10.8 for Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) site selection was used, which consisted of four steps: selection of suitable criteria, appropriate classification for each criterion, spatial analysis for creating suitability maps, and site identification. Five main factors, including slope, groundwater depth, land use, soil composition, and watershed drainage, were used as evaluation criteria. The results showed that the southern areas and parts of the central and northwestern areas of Khanaqin district center are the most suitable locations for constructing small dams. Three specific points have been identified in these areas, namely points (14, 16, 22), which can collect a suitable amount of rainwater and help solve the water shortage problem in the region. This research is an effective and necessary tool for regional planners for managing water resources in arid and semi-arid regions such as Khanaqin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diyar J. Jaafar, Saryaz S. Hussein, Frmesk R. Abdollah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Obstacles to Using Modern Teaching Methods in Schools for Displaced Persons Camps In Dohuk Governorate from the Point of View of Teachers
This study aimed to know the obstacles facing teachers in schools in refugee camps in Dohuk Governorate in using modern teaching methods from their point of view, and to know the differences in obstacles according to the variables of gender (males - females) and specialization (literary - scientific), The descriptive method of the correlational type was relied upon, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the scale prepared by (Al-Faraji, 2010) was relied upon, which consists of (40) items, and in front of each item are five answer alternatives: (strongly agree, agree, somewhat agree, disagree, strongly disagree) after extracting its psychometric properties represented by honesty and reliability, The study sample consisted of (82) male and female teachers distributed among (10) schools (5) middle schools and (5) secondary schools, after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the (T-test) for one sample and for two independent samples, It was found that there are obstacles in the use of modern teaching methods among male and female teachers of schools in displaced persons camps, and that there are no statistically significant differences between the members of the research sample according to the gender variable (males - females), and the presence of statistically significant differences between members of the research sample according to the specialization variable (literary - scientific) and in favor of scientific specialization. Researchers recommend providing teachers with experience and skills on how to use teaching methods before they join the teaching process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mshaan F. Mahmood, Mohammed Q. Rajab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Respect for Time and its Relationship to Personality Type (A.B) Among Faculty Members at Koya University
The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between personality types and time respect. The methods used in this study are descriptive-correlational. The population consists of Koya University teachers (616) overall. The sample size is 129; teachers elected simple random as participants. For collecting data Researcher benefited from two questionnaires personality types scale consisting of 68 items, and a respect of time consist of 38 items. The most important objectives achieved by the study are, respect of time among participants is significant and above the mean. About personality type (A), the dimensions of speed and competition are higher than the mean, but uncontrolled anger and hostile tendencies are lower than the mean. About the personality type(B), the level of calmness is higher than the mean. Have a significant relationship between speed and competition according to males and females. Also, about the effect of time respect on their personality types and characteristics, Respect has a statistically significant effect on speed (0.204), uncontrollable anger (0.226) in type (A) personality, and calmness (0.176) in type (B) personality because the the p value is less than 0.05 (P-Value<0.05). The type of effect is direct, that’s means, as the first variable increases, the second variable also increases, and on the contrary. There is no statistically significant effect of time respect on the dimensions of competition and hostile tendencies, considering is greater than 0.05 (P-Value>0.05).
Copyright (c) 2026 Jwan N. Rasul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Social Skills in Building a Sense of Responsibility Among University Students
The university, as an educational institution, has an important role in individuals’ education in society, and it is a significant role in changing customs and traditions and achieving good behavior. The objective of the study is to measure the social skills and sense of responsibility of university students and to find out the statistical indicators about the level of social skills among university students, according to the variables of (gender, place of residence and stage) also know the level of sense of responsibility among university students, according to the variables of (gender, place of residence and stage) and know the level of impact of social skills on the sense of responsibility among university students., study is a quantitative study with using descriptive method, the population of the study is (1992) students and (322) students randomly selected as a sample. The results show that social skills and sense of responsibility in a positive state, and it is more common in males than in females, it is more common among those living in cities than among those living in towns or villages, but social skills increase with increasing level of education, but do not change the sense of responsibility, and social skills affect the sense of responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad A. Hama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Political Authority and Youth Migration from the Kurdistan Region - Iraq
The study aimed to identify the views of a sample of individuals on youth migration and political authority in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, and the significance of differences in their views according to demographic variables: gender, social status, profession, and economic level. The study relied on the use of the social survey method using the sample method, as a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of the research was applied to a random sample consisting of (148) respondents of both sexes. The study concluded that the phenomenon of migration exists in all societies in varying forms, and the reason for migration is due to a group of driving and attractive factors. It was found that youth migration is related to the nature of political authority in the region. The results showed statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the views of sample individuals on youth migration and political authority attributed to the gender variable, in favor of males. It was also found that there were statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the viewpoints of the sample individuals on youth migration and political authority due to the variable of social status and in favor of the married. While there were no significant differences in their viewpoints according to the variables of profession and economic level. In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented
Copyright (c) 2026 Meeran M. Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Modernity in the Development of Urban and Social Aspects in the City of Erbil
This study intends to identify the role of urban modernization represented by vertical housing and villas on the nature of social relations in terms of cooperation and a sense of pleasure and safety among the residents of those modern neighborhoods. Fifty families from four neighborhoods participated and were asked to fill out questionnaires for this purpose. The results showed that 86% of the respondents reported that the social relationship between the population ranges from reasonable to good, while a significant number of participants mentioned that regular visits occur among them as well. Modernity played a transformative role in shaping urban landscapes, fundamentally reshaping how cities were conceived, constructed, and experienced. The emergence of modernity roughly spans from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Contemporary Implications: Modern urban development continues to influence current city designs, with ongoing negotiations between technological efficiency, social inclusivity, and environmental sustainability. The role of modernity in urban development was not merely a technical transformation but a comprehensive reimagining of human spatial and social experiences. Cities became laboratories of human potential, reflecting profound technological, social, and cultural shifts of the modern era. The current research also systematically addresses the role of modernity in developing the urban and social aspect, living in vertical housing within modern residential neighborhoods in the city of Erbil, and the role of this modernity in the nature of social relations between these residents, families, and children, and the nature of their interaction with each other.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shvan I. Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Body Image and its Relationship to Cyberbullying of Social Networks
This study aims to determine the accepted level of body image and cyberbullying among the study sample in general, as well as to determine the relationship between body image and cyberbullying and reveal statistically documented differences in body image according to some demographic variables ) Similarly knowing the evidenced difference Statistics on cyber bullying and demographic variables (gender, hours of social networking, department), descriptive relationship research method was used because it fits the nature of the research, the research community consisted of (1150) students, the research sample consisted of (150) university students Koya in the Faculty of Education, Measurement Body Image by Faizullah, 2023 and Electronic Violence Scale by Hamad Amin, 2022. The research instrument was distributed among the sample after extracting the psychometric characteristics of honesty and stability. SPSS was used to find and analyze the results. Data is technique Statistics (mean and standard deviation, Tai experience for an independent group, ANOVA, Pearson correlation equation), and the results of this study showed that students of the Faculty of Education prefer body image. part). The level of cyberbullying is high among the study sample, and there are no statistically significant differences in cyberbullying and its demographic variables (gender, hours of social networking, department). Finally, several recommendations were presented in light of the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahen R. Awla, Dalya Hashim Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationship to Quality of Life among University Students
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence dimensions and quality of life in a sample of university students. Employing a descriptive-correlational method, the researchers developed a questionnaire featuring 24 items for emotional intelligence and 18 for quality of life. It was distributed online to a random, stratified sample of 420 students from Salahaddin, Sulaimani, and Raparin Universities, comprising 239 females and 181 males. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS software. Key findings revealed that dimensions of "Social Competence" and "Self-Awareness" were generally high among participants. In contrast, "Self-Regard," "Empathy," "Self-Management," and overall emotional intelligence scored at a moderate level. The overall quality of life was reported as high. Statistically significant gender differences emerged. Females scored higher in "Self-Awareness," "Empathy," "Self-Management," "Self-Regard," overall emotional intelligence, and quality of life. Males, however, scored higher only in "Social Competence." Furthermore, students with a poor family economic status had a lower quality of life compared to those with good or average status. Finally, a strong positive correlation was found between all emotional intelligence dimensions and quality of life. Specifically, "Social Competence," "Self-Awareness," and "Self-Regard" had a significant direct influence on quality of life, whereas "Self-Management" and "Empathy" did not demonstrate such an effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dastan O. Mahmood, Mohammed R. Khdir , Pshtiwan Awla Khdir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Poetics of the Main Parts of Speech in Sherzad Hassan's Novels
Poetics is a relatively recent concept in literary criticism compared to other concepts. Although its root is not new, dating back to Greek literature, especially to Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Poetics’, it was not as widespread as it is nowadays. For a long time, poetics had been relevant only to a specific literary genre, namely poetry. However, in the early twentieth century, researchers and scholars in the area of literary criticism began to pay great attention to poetics and researched it extensively in various scientific studies relevant to literary criticism. Subsequently, the term ‘poetics’ spread to many other fields, including music, painting, and architecture. Additionally, it became commonly used in many literary genres. One of the crucial aspects which influences the poetics of any literary text is the poetic language, including the main parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Thus, the language of novels written by the famous Kurdish writer, Sherzad Hassan, is rich with poetic style, with a strong reliance on parts of speech, especially in the use of figures of speech, such as ‘oxymoronic images’ which result from the artistic use of the main parts of speech, Additionally, these types of images are meaning-changing and there is a kind of distance between the two extremes of images. This creates semantic incompatibility. To find compatibility, there should be metaphors used in between to refer to them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaleel I. Mustafa, Rezan S. Mawlod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Position of the National Revolutionary Idea in Ahmadi Khani’s Mam and Zin
Our goal through this research is to affirm the ideology of national revolution with evidence from Khani’s Mam and Zin. To this end, we examined theories and perspectives of numerous writers and philosophers from various nations and eras to clarify the concept of revolution and nationalism. We also provided examples of contrasting and opposing views on nationalism and authority in both Eastern and Western civilizations. We introduced the concepts of nations and nationalism and attempted to compare the relationships between earlier and contemporary intellectuals and philosophers with Khani’s views as expressed in Mam and Zin. It became clear to us that Khani is on par with global international intellectuals and philosophers in terms of his vision, thoughts, and philosophy on nationhood and national identity. In fact, he was ahead of many in articulating the importance of an independent and original entity for his nation, he also discussed all the concepts of establishing an independent nation. We then focused on aspects of revolution and nationalism in Mam and Zin, examining how Khani portrayed his characters and the purpose behind writing Mam and Zin. His primary goal was the sovereignty of his nation and country. Khani’s ideas and visions are fundamentally scientific. Khani understood the situation of middle east very well, and he discussed Injustice and oppression. In the end, he emphasized the will of the people, compelling unjust rulers to yield and listen to the voices of freedom.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamiran Nabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This research emphasizes the images and mental feelings that have become the source of mystical poetry and a reason for the beauty of the text, and conveys a certain message in classical poetry, which is a major contribution. It is a step to introduce and show the mystical poetic references and images of the classical Kurdish poet Hariq. Hariq, one of the most famous poets of the classical period of Kurdish literature who lived in the nineteenth century, is considered by most researchers to be a continuation of the Baban school of poetry Returning to ancient literature in general and the purpose and content of Sufism in particular is the basis of a special innovation for some literary genres, especially our classical poets as other Eastern Muslim poets and talents, education of Hujran culture and Islamic sciences Sufism is a living part of our beliefs and poetic roots and the foundation of our classical Kurdish poetry. This study highlights the importance of Hariq as a poet who educated this culture, and if we cannot identify him as a Sufi poet, it cannot be denied that he used many Sufi terms in his poems. This determines his position in Kurdish Sufism. Although the existence of Hariq as a Sufi poet is still unclear, most Kurdish researchers have studied only his ghazals, but in this study, we will emphasize a hidden aspect of his poems, namely, some of the signs and phrases that convey the Sufi meaning expressed in the poems
Copyright (c) 2026 Hemdad H. Bakir, Vian A. esmail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Dictionary of Place Names in the Kurdish language (e.g. Vllages in the Koya region)
This study is devoted to the dictionary of place names in the Kurdish language (e.g., villages in the Koya region) and focuses on the structure of village names and their trends in the Koya region in terms of lexical and semantic structure. The reason for choosing this title is to show the lexical and semantic structure of the place names of the villages around the city of Koya، and the discussion of the structure of place names in the Kurdish language is very little or nonexistent in independent research, so it is necessary to present this topic in the form of a dictionary of place names. In order to conduct this research, we have adopted the method of analytic acceptance, we have used the everyday spoken language of the Kurdish speakersCorrect. In addition to the introduction، the Research is divided into three sections: the first chapter provides an introduction to the dictionary in general. The second chapter specifies the names of the villages around Koya in terms of form and meaning, and in the third and final chapter, the names of the large Elenjagh plots are shown, and in the last pages, the results and sources are presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rozhan N. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Philosophical Principles of Knowledge in Mawlawi's Poetry
Knowledge, which is a divine source and a charitable program, is a mystic as a purified agent who lives in that space as a charitable individual himself. In today's world, fatigue and aggression have faced people from many directions. Mysticism is the source of beauty and glory. Therefore, we must look at this issue from an intellectual perspective and find the philosophical principles of mysticism. Let's also open the “Arif” charity program. Its basic history is not from societies and times, but from the existence of Adam, the father of mankind, who became a mystic with his knowledge about the existence of the earth as a new destination for living in solitude, and then forever He has been able to communicate with the first source of God by holding on to his spiritual bond. The Kurdish nation, which is an ancient nation in monotheism, has an original mystical literature in the past and present. The poet “Mawlawi” has been able to put the highest philosophical purpose of mysticism in his poems, which are the same thoughts that there is the largest and most valuable source of this knowledge in the whole world. On the one hand, he has been able to present all the mystical destinations, which are hundreds; on the other hand, he has successfully put them in a fluent language, and his time in karma-giving poems that have a positive aesthetic. Therefore, working in this field requires a wide and valuable research space.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ala D. AbdulMajed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analogy and its Types in (Mem and Zain) by Ahmed Al-Khani
Mem and Zain by Ahmed Al-Khani is a great epic in Kurdish literature. it is an epic rich in general rhetorical methods and analogy. Khani used analogies in various styles and techniques, so we decided to analyze them and show the methods and diversity that Khani used in them. This study is under the name (Analogy and its types in (Mem and Zain) by Ahmed Al-Khani. It is an attempt to identify the genres and methods of analogy in this epic. The research aims, according to the descriptive-analytical approach, to answer two questions: how have simile techniques been used in this literary work, and how have they been expressed and in what style? This study consists of two chapters: the first chapter deals with the concept of analogy and its basics, while the second chapter deals with its types and methods. It should be noted that in the two chapters, the models were applied, and the study concluded in the other to several results, the most important of which are: good skill in expression and the formation of literary analogies. The manipulation of the components of simile is a phenomenon and one of the characteristics of this epic work. and this is due to the skill and innovation of Khani in the field of rhetoric and expression techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jivan N. Haji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of Structural Change in the Industrial Sector in Iraq for the Period (2000-2022)
The process of structural change in the industrial sector in Iraq during the period (2000-2022) was affected by multiple factors, which were essentially based on economic and social changes that are mostly the result of the effects of wars, conflicts, and political instability that have become known to all. The research focused on a set of factors that included aspects of economic and social impact in order to demonstrate their impact on the structural change of the industrial sector represented in the added value of the industrial sector as a percentage of the gross domestic product. The research adopted the standard approach in demonstrating this impact, and the results of the stability of the time series showed the necessity of using the ARDL bounds testing methodology in the joint integration between the model variables. Among the most prominent results reached is that employment in the industrial sector as a percentage of total employment had the greatest impact on the added value compared to other variables, which is an implicit indication of the weakness of the impact of the industrial sector in Iraq on the movement of social changes and also the limited impact of spending on infrastructure that was not directed to support and develop manufacturing activities. This means that the increasing trends in value added in the Iraqi industrial sector do not suggest a real structural change, but rather reflect an increase in the cash returns generated from it. Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of adopting economic and industrial policies capable of directing production elements towards sectors with high productivity, most notably the manufacturing sector, in addition to the urgent need to diversify the Iraqi economy and limit the oil sector’s monopoly in forming the gross domestic product, by establishing and supporting manufacturing activities in which Iraq has a comparative advantage in producing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed M. Abdulqader, Zeki Matti S. Akrawee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Using Expert Systems in Developing Human Capital Among Auditors
The research aims to demonstrate the impact of using expert systems in developing human capital among auditors. To achieve the research objective, the researchers relied on primary sources, namely the design of the questionnaire, which was designed based on previous studies and the theoretical aspect of the research. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part includes paragraphs aimed at identifying the characteristics of the research sample, and the second part consists of four axes that include (20) paragraphs. Each axis includes (5) paragraphs that were used in collecting data in order to test hypotheses and answer questions related to the research problem. The research sample members amounted to (44) individuals, including (14) auditors, (9) legal accountants in auditing offices and companies, and (21) university professors. After analyzing the data using the statistical program (SPSS) and testing the research hypotheses, a set of results was reached, the most important of which is: The application of expert systems technology has a positive and significant impact on developing human capital for the auditing profession through developing knowledge, experience, skills, and innovations among auditors. In light of the research results, the researchers recommend a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The necessity of the participation of auditing offices and companies in local and international scientific conferences and seminars on information technology on an ongoing basis, to be constantly informed of the latest developments in this field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eram J. Mustafa , Barzan H. Ahmed, Vian S. Hama Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of the Banking Marketing Mix on Creating a Mental Image among Customers
Determining the banking marketing mix requires a precise understanding of banking services marketing, considering the rapid changes in the business environment and the evolving needs and desires of customers. Banks, especially private ones, vary in their emphasis on marketing mix elements in terms of defining them, understanding individual requirements, and building a mental image for customers. This is among the objectives that banks strive to achieve in a planned manner. The research problem centers on the question of the impact of the banking marketing mix on shaping customers’ mental images. The study aims to examine the effect of the dimensions of the banking marketing mix—namely service, price, distribution, promotion, people, processes, and physical evidence—on creating a mental image among customers in private banks operating in Duhok Governorate. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by designing a questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees providing services to clients, as well as a sample of customers dealing with the studied banks. To achieve the research results, the SPSS statistical program was utilized. The findings revealed that private banks in Duhok Governorate rely on a diverse and distinctive marketing mix, which has a clear impact on shaping the mental image among individuals in the sample. The study recommends focusing on the service element due to its vital role in enhancing the bank’s mental image, innovating in service delivery methods, improving quality, and finding a balance between service and its price, which helps banks compete amid the rapid technological developments in the business environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kasar A. Mohammed , Abdulwahid T. Shukri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Industrial Development on Achieving Sustainable Development in the Iraqi Economy for the Period (2000-2023)
Industrial development to achieve sustainable development depends on assessing its impacts through environmental, social, and economic indicators. The purpose of this research is to measure and analyze the impact of industrial development in achieving sustainable development in Iraq, with a focus on independent elements such as value-added in industry, oil prices, and the COVID-19 pandemic, considering their important role in enhancing industrial development and achieving sustainable development. The research methodology relied on secondary data and time series estimations using Time Series Estimation, the ARDL model, and the Bounds Test to analyze short- and long-term relationships between the variables. One of the main findings of the research is that increasing value-added in industry positively contributes to enhancing economic growth, increasing job opportunities, and reducing unemployment. Environmental pollution must also be considered. The results showed that oil prices positively contribute to supporting the Iraqi economy, given its heavy reliance on oil export revenues. COVID-19 negatively affected the Iraqi economy, leading to a decline in economic growth, but unemployment levels remained relatively stable. Finally, the results showed that Iraq's focus on extractive industries, compared to manufacturing industries, contributes to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Based on these results, the research suggests reducing reliance on extractive industries and enhancing sustainable manufacturing industries, as they play a role in supporting economic growth and reducing unemployment by creating more sustainable job opportunities. It emphasizes the importance of adopting advanced techniques and relying on modern technology to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate the environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawa F. Hama Karim, Younis A. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Job Requirements-Resources in Reducing Workplace Trauma
Organizations periodically seek to achieve their goals in light of contemporary environmental changes. One of the ways that may lead to increased employee productivity and an important factor in the success of the organization is the balance between job-demand resources, and job demand is generally one of the most important predictors of important organizational outcomes such as psychological well-being, job engagement, etc. More efforts of contemporary organizations are towards achieving a balance between J-D resource, which leads to reducing the shock in the workplace. The questionnaire form was distributed electronically to a sample of employees of the College of Commerce and the College of Administration and Economics at the University of Sulaimani. to test the research hypothesis, the statistical program (SPSS V. 24) was used. The results showed that there were significant levels below the average of negative association between work resource requirements and workplace trauma at the level of the two colleges studied at the University of Sulaymaniyah in the city of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, meaning that the more the College of Administration and Economics and the College of Commerce studied depended on work resource requirements, the more this led to a reduction in workplace trauma, and even a periodic assessment of the work environment to determine the level of manifestations of workplace trauma and work to address it immediately and reduce cases of abuse and violence to a greater extent, and to establish a work culture based on respect and cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali A. Khaluf , Media A. Mohammed Saeed, Ava O. Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role Of Authentic Leadership In Achieving Organizational Well-Being
This research aims to explore the role of authentic leadership in promoting organizational well-being at Duhok Technical University. The focus stems from the growing need to foster positive emotions in the workplace through leadership rooted in psychological capital and ethical values. A descriptive analytical methodology was adopted to assess the levels of authentic leadership dimensions among administrative leaders and examine their influence on organizational well-being. The study’s sample consisted of faculty members from the university’s colleges and institutes across the Duhok governorate. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed, 111 were returned, and 103 were considered valid for statistical analysis. The research utilized various statistical methods, including means, standard deviations, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis, to analyze the data. Findings revealed a strong positive relationship between authentic leadership and organizational well-being, particularly highlighting the ethical and transparency dimensions in professional relationships. These results emphasize the significance of adopting authentic leadership practices to achieve higher levels of organizational well-being. The study concludes that fostering authenticity in leadership—especially in terms of ethics and openness—can significantly enhance the organizational climate and contribute to employee satisfaction and performance. As a result, the study recommends that administrative leaders at the university give greater attention to the development and application of authentic leadership dimensions in their managerial approaches. Furthermore, the study calls for continued research into the impact of ethical leadership on organizational outcomes, proposing that future studies examine this relationship in greater depth and in varied institutional contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chiya I. Dino, Dlofan A. Salman, Hivi K. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychological Engineering and its Contribution to Enhancing the Sustainable Human Resources
The current research aims to explore the impact of Psychological Engineering symbolized by sensory awareness, rapport, behavioral flexibility, and outcomes of thinking, on enhancing Sustainable human resources, which includes human resource well-being, human resource development, human resource retention, and work-life balance in private hospitals in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, as the field of the study. To achieve the research objective, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed to collect and analyze data to arrive at conclusions. A questionnaire was used to gather data from a sample of 306 Workers working in the targeted hospitals. The research hypotheses were tested using SPSS V 25. The research concluded that Psychological Engineering has a direct impact on enhancing SHR by improving workers' interaction with the work environment on both emotional and behavioral levels. Its pillars align with workers' psychological needs, leading to improved job satisfaction, commitment, and retention. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend that the management of the targeted private hospitals actively implement Psychological Engineering principles and translate them into tangible practices, given their significant role in enhancing SHR. The scientific value of the study lies in addressing a knowledge gap arising from the scarcity of research on the relationship between Psychological Engineering and SHR in the context of the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Additionally, it provides actionable insights to promote SHR by activating Psychological Engineering principles in the workplace of private hospitals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jotiar H. Mohammed , Nizar M. Ali Al-Sulaifani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Wise Leadership on Strategic Supremacy
The current study aims to analyze the relationship and influence between wise leadership, represented by its six dimensions (good governance, understanding the essence, creating a context for participation, communication skills, enhancing practical wisdom, and applying authority), and strategic sovereignty, represented by its three dimensions (area of ​​influence, competitive formation (construction), and competitive pressure). The general framework of the study is to define the research problem, which raised several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the variables. To achieve this goal, a hypothetical model was designed included two hypotheses that were tested using statistical tools. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. Data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of workers in (18) private hospitals in Erbil city, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The number of workers in the (18) hospitals surveyed was (585) health and administrative cadres, which represents the study community. The researchers distributed (310) questionnaires, (245) questionnaires were retrieved, and (65) questionnaires were excluded because they were not valid for analysis. Thus, the number of valid questionnaires for analysis reached (177), which represents the study sample. Data were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS V.24) to test the hypotheses. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the existence of positive significant correlations and a significant impact between wise leadership and strategic sovereignty. The study recommended that administrative leaders should develop wise leadership capabilities at all organizational levels and enhance practical wisdom among all by creating common work contexts between all parties and playing a role in enhancing their strategic sovereignty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azad A. Saeed, Zana M. Sadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Causal Relationship and Cointegration Between GDP and Exports in Jordan for the Period (1994-2023)
This study aims to examine and measure the impact of exports on the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Jordanian economy using annual time series data for the period 1994–2023. A descriptive and quantitative analytical approach was applied to describe the variables and analyze the relationship between exports and GDP. To determine the existence of a long-term equilibrium (cointegration) relationship between the variables, the Johansen-Juselius methodology was employed. The results indicate the presence of a long-term, unidirectional equilibrium relationship from exports to GDP. Furthermore, the findings reveal that exports have a positive and statistically significant impact on GDP during the study period, with a significance level of less than 1%. Through the analysis of the impulse response function and variance decomposition, it was shown that GDP forecast error variance is explained by its own shocks as well as shocks in exports. By the end of the period, the explanatory power of GDP reached about 77.67%. Thus, any random shock to exports leads to a positive impact on GDP. The study recommends paying more attention to companies and institutions supporting the manufacturing sector in general and export-oriented companies in particular, to explore new markets for Jordanian goods and services. Additionally, it highlights the importance of developing specialized educational and training programs in international trade and global marketing to enhance the skills and readiness of Jordanian human resources. These measures are essential to improve productivity and enhance the competitiveness of Jordanian products in global markets, thereby contributing to sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalat Sh. Qasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating the impact of the Iraqi film industry on attracting foreign tourists
The aim of this study is to examine the role of Iraq's film industry in attracting international tourists to Erbil Citadel—one of the most ancient heritage sites, dating back to 6000 B.C.—and to analyze its impact on travel motivation and destination image. This research employed a mixed-methods approach: quantitative data were collected through questionnaires from 100 international tourists, and qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the film and tourism industries. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and PLS-SEM, and qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that films have a significant direct and indirect role in enhancing Iraq's positive image, introducing cultural and historical attractions, and increasing tourists' travel motivation. The greatest direct effect was reported for the variable “Film Influence” on travel motivation (path coefficient β = 0.72). Qualitative findings also emphasized that films help promote Erbil Citadel, stimulate visitation, and strengthen Iraq's tourism brand. Based on these results, it is recommended that policymakers and tourism managers support the production of films related to cultural heritage, develop tourism infrastructure, and design film-related marketing campaigns to use the film industry as a strategic tool for tourism development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aram Nejmeddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0