KOYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
KOYA UNIV J HUM SOC SCI (KUJHSS) is a semi-annual academic journal published by the Koya University. KUJHSS publishes original research in all areas of Humanities and Social Sciences. KUJHSS is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access journal. It has a 150,000 IQD submission charge (ASC) and article processing charge (APC). p-ISSN: 2707-9341 | e-ISSN: 2522-3259 | DOI: 10.14500/2522-3259 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Literary criticism in the history of literature; For example (New Kurdish Poetry) by (Kakai Fallah)
This study aims to investigate literary criticism within the context of literary history, using "The History of New Kurdish Poetry" by Kakai Fallah as a case study. Fallah's book delves into the lives and poetry of nine contemporary poets from the Sulaimani region, aiming to portray their experiences while also offering critical insights into their works. Employing descriptive analysis, the research examines Fallah's critical viewpoint as discussed in the book. It explores the relationship between literary criticism and literary history, and analyzes the role of criticism in shaping historical narratives. Furthermore, it assesses Fallah's use of literary criticism in writing "The History of New Kurdish Poetry" and discusses the necessity or lack thereof of employing criticism in historical writing. Additionally, the author demonstrates both the necessity and the unnecessary use of criticism, drawing on their experience as a historian who has extensively employed literary criticism and critical perspectives in documenting the history of a specific period and region within the development of modern Kurdish poetry. The results of this study reflect Fallah's critical engagement and thorough analysis in documenting the emergence and development of modern poetry in Sulaimani during the early twentieth century, highlighting key trends and shifts in the literary landscape of the time.
Copyright (c) 2026 Barzan Ali Pirot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kurdish Teenagers Novel; It is a Historical, Descriptive, and Practical Study
The novel has remained as a high literary genre since its inception, but it has changed in the course of its development, both in terms of technique and style of writing, as well as in terms of content. Therefore, these changes shape the types and styles of novels in accordance with the times. So, we see the Teenagers Novel as a genre of children's literature, which is the product of the field of this genre and its development. Novels that are written for teenagers have their own values and characteristics; they should be in accordance with the characteristics of the teenagers` age because they can direct them by presenting interesting topics and ideas. In addition, novels create an educational impact on teenagers and give them pleasure. The style and language used in these novels can expand the imagination and develop creative thinking and often include events and characters from which teenagers learn positive values, highlighting issues that suit their interests and level of understanding. Writing on any literary topic actually has a specific purpose or goal. Novels, as one of the most significant genres of children's literature, contain many different educational, ethical, and high psychological values, along with social ones, that the novelist wants to convey to teenagers and guide them towards a better future. This genre has a great impact on teenagers and can create spiritual changes in them, changing the course of their lives towards a positive path and a better future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hunar A. Abdalla , Safya M. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Using Grice Cooperative Principles in Interpretation Students Essay
Students, in their different stages of study, write essays about various topics, essays should be written according to some academic and scientific standards and origins. Whatever these origins are related to the appearance of the essay or related to their contents. In this field, to what extent do students have experience and according to which origin do they write essays? This research under the title (Using Grice cooperative principles in interpretation the students, essay) of Grice’s Theory and according to (Lovejoe’s) model has searched students, essays in the terms of adjectival and statistical ideology. This research aims to know the answers to these questions; during writing an essay, how do students deal with the content of the essay? Do students write word statements and paragraphs according to an academic and scientific basis or do they write in a pyramidal way without following any bases? Are Grice’s cooperative principles able to be something helpful and useful for writing down a successful and improved paragraph? In these research (28) students, paragraphs have been taken. Then the words the sentences and the content of their paragraphs have been separated statistically and they also have been compared with Grice theory principles and the Lovijo model. The results of the study indicate that; the students (65%) missed the whole origins of a successful and academic essay.
Copyright (c) 2026 Warheel A. Kamil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Our research is entitled “The Image of Anfal in Malashakhi's Poems”, which shows the image of various plans of the Ba'ath regime through poetic images. Research Method: The method (descriptive - analytical),description and analysis of the image of the Anfal process in the theoretical and practical aspects of the research is expressed through the genres of poetic images. He paints a picture of the tragedy that has befallen the Kurdish nation in the history of the Kurdish people thanks to the actions of the Ba'ath regime.The aim of the research is to analyze the content of the poems through poetic imagery.He uses the genres of poetic imagery to express the pain, sorrow and tragedy of Anfal, record and preserve the memory of Anfal for future generations and its impact on Kurdish society, preserving historical facts from being forgotten or hidden.It shows the ability of the poet's poetry to deal with the tragedy of Anfal.To recognize and not lose the crime of Anfal in the minds of future generations of the Kurdish people. Importance of the research: It presents the role of poetic images through different genres of poetic images.These poetic images convey the history of Anfal to future generations, which makes generations not to forget these events. Another important point is that the study focuses on the fourth phase of Anfal.The poet has combined thought, emotion and reality by creating poetic images and has described this process in simple poetic language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nigar A. karim, Darsim S. Sharif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Collection Stories of the Old Butterflies of he Evening From the Perspective of Social Criticism
The collection of stories ( The old butterflies of the evening ) which belongs to The great author ( Sherzad Hassan ) is one of the most important works of the contemporary Kurdish literature that reflects the social , cultural and historical issues of Kurdish society. This collection applies a multi-layered experiences with using metaphorical signs of literature to explain the struggle between traditional and modernity in which leads to explain the question of social oppression. This research by using the method of social literary criticism …attempts to examine the ways to proof that the social facts are really representative in this literary work . In this regard the concepts such as power ,high discourse ، the crisis of identity , have been used as an analytical framework . The conclusions of the study shows that the author ( Sherzad Hassan ) by taking advantage of the modern narrative such as polyphony ,and mystical realism represents a reality of a social environment in which the characters involved in cultural and historical contradictions . This collection of stories are not only the reflection of the society crises but also a platform of thinking of the power structures and this patterns which reproduce the dominant ideology . By analyzing this great work we find out that
Copyright (c) 2026 Shagul K. Mahmood, Salim R. Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Poetic Style of 'Asi' at the Phonetic Level
This research provides a stylistic analysis of the phonetic characteristics of the poetry of the Kurdish poet (Asi). Through the analysis of poetic samples, it sheds light on how the poet utilizes poetic meter, rhyme, and rhetorical arts to craft and form a unique poetic experience. The research attempts to answer the fundamental question of to what extent Asi, through these phonetic techniques, has been able to create a distinct poetic style of his own, one that establishes his poetic identity and distinguishes him from other contemporary poets. The main findings of the research reveal that the poet Asi possesses a special and clear phonetic stamp, which is manifested in a solid triangle: First, the absolute dominance of the Hazaj meter, which lends a lively and attractive musicality and rhythm to his poems; Second, the extensive use of the repetition technique at the vertical level, to condense meaning and deepen the psychological impact; Third, the clever resort to the phenomenon of elision (sound clipping) for the purpose of preserving the precision and beauty of the poetic meter. Together, these three features have created a very special phonetic style for Asi's poetry and have become his hallmark. The research consists of two parts. The first part is divided into several sections, where we have discussed the concept and meaning of style,. In other sections, we have discussed sound in the internal music of the poet's poetry and the poetic forms related to that level.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rokan G. Shaiya, Mohammed M. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Adopting International Financial Reporting Standards in Promoting Economic Development
This study aims to evaluate and examine the role of adopting IFRSs in enhancing economic development. To promote the objectives of this study, an applied method approach based on quantitative and mathematical evaluation and analysis of the variables depending on the annual financial statements of the following: an intentional sample of commercial banks listed in the Iraqi Securities Market and official market bulletins from 2017 to 2021. The study sample consisted of 14 banks listed in the market. Moreover, to examine the hypotheses of the study, the inferential statistical method was used; the EViews program to examine the direct relationship between the variables. Based on the above, the study reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which was the existence of a relationship and a significant impact of adopting IFRSs on economic development in the context of Iraq. The study reached a set of recommendations. The most prominent recommendation is the need for professional regulators of the accounting profession in Iraq to pay more attention to the application of IFRSs in all companies listed in the Iraq Securities Market and various sectors. This is due to the great advantages that contribute effectively and efficiently to the quality of accounting work, in addition to the ongoing follow-up on its implementation, and this will be reflected positively on the level of the country's economy.
Copyright (c) 2026 younis M. Khalef, Shiler A. Rasheed, Mohammed H. AL-Shujairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Preparing Integrated Reports in Improving the Quality of Information Content of Financial Reports
The aim of the study was to investigate which creating integrated reports—which include financial reports, management commentary, governance reports, intellectual capital reports, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards and indicators, and more—affects and is related to enhancing the informational content of financial reports. To answer the study questions and hypotheses pertaining to the theoretical framework, a descriptive-analytical technique was used. In the field study, questionnaires became the main research tool, and data were analyzed using SPSS software. A sample of business report preparers and external auditors from 12 companies in the Kurdistan region of Iraq got these after they were verified by specialists. The findings revealed that integrated reporting significantly contributes to a comprehensive perspective that combines financial and non-financial performance, enabling a holistic view of an organization’s performance and future value. It integrates traditional financial data with sustainability, human, social, and environmental capital information, adding critical insights that enhance trust in financial reports.The study recommended developing specific standards and guidelines for integrated reporting tailored to the business environment, aligning with global efforts to ensure transparency and consistency across economic entities. It also emphasized raising awareness and improving the use of integrated reports in economic activities through partnerships and practical workshops aimed at enhancing the informational quality of financial reports and encouraging the adoption of integrated reporting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Barzan H. Ahmed , Rizgar A. sabir, Mohammad A. Khudhur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring and analyzing the relationship between economic growth and unemployment rates according to Okun's Law in the Iraqi economy for the period (2004-2023)
Studying the relationship between macroeconomic variables is a fundamental issue of great importance in the field of economic research and studies, given its direct impact on formulating macroeconomic policies and achieving economic stability. The importance of this study lies in shedding light on the relationship between economic growth rates and unemployment rates in Iraq, based on Okun's Law. Given the fact that most previous economic studies that addressed Okun's Law focused primarily on various economies around the world, whether developed or developing, studying this relationship in the context of the Iraqi economy is of particular importance. This study aims to measure and analyze the relationship between economic growth and unemployment in the Iraqi economy, relying on time series data from the World Bank (WB) statistics for the period (2004-2023). The Autoregressive Lag-Time Delay (ARDL) model was used as an analytical tool to study the relationship between economic growth and unemployment variables in the short and long term, as well as the adjustment rate parameter. The results of the study showed that there is a significant inverse relationship at the level of (5%) between economic growth and the unemployment rate. This is consistent with Okun's law, which indicates that high rates of economic growth have contributed to reducing unemployment levels. This reflects the dynamics of the Iraqi economy during this period, and confirms the importance of adopting economic policies that promote sustainable growth to achieve economic stability and reduce unemployment rates.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taleeaa R. Ibrahim, Hozan H. Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Administrative Accountability and its Role on Job Satisfaction
The study aims to analyze the correlation and impact of administrative accountability represented by (job discipline, work and achievement, job ethics, human relations) on job satisfaction (supervision style, relationship with colleagues, opportunities for development and promotion, work content, wages and salaries, working conditions). The general framework of the study is represented by the study problem, which was identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship, impact between the study variables, a hypothetical plan designed for the study that expressed a set of hypotheses, and they were subjected to multiple tests. The study used a questionnaire as a means of obtaining data. The study adopted the descriptive analytical method. The field of study was represented by private universities in the city of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the number of private universities participating in the study was five private universities. The responding was (87) faculty members, which represents the study sample. The hypotheses were tested by applying statistical methods using (SPSS V.24). The study reached a set of results, including revealing the existence of positive significant relationships and effect between study variables. The study recommended that it is necessary to pay more attention to practices related to the administrative issue and enhance them because it is considered a matter of utmost importance to achieve job satisfaction and it involves various practices, including job discipline, work and achievement, job ethics, and human relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jwan S. Rashed, Khawar M. Omar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Integration Between Concurrent Engineering and Product Life Cycle Costing in Enhancing Competitive Advantages
This study aims to demonstrate the role of integrating concurrent engineering and product life cycle costing in reducing costs and minimizing process time across all life cycle stages (pre-production, production, and post-production) to support market sustainability and enhance competitive advantages. To achieve these objectives, a deductive method was employed to analyze relevant literature, alongside an applied study conducted at Garstin Industrial Company, operating in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. This integration provides a comprehensive framework for cost management throughout the product life cycle while maintaining quality and innovation. The study reached several significant conclusions, most notably that integrating concurrent engineering and life cycle costing during the pre-production phase plays an effective role in saving time and costs. As a key technique, concurrent engineering focuses primarily on product design during pre-production to ensure the company’s survival and growth in a competitive business environment. Based on these findings, the study presented several recommendations. First, it is necessary to adopt concurrent engineering across all stages of the product life cycle—including development, design, and manufacturing—to ensure improved quality, reduced costs, and optimized time. Second, management must assess the efficiency of this integration and continuously adjust strategies based on performance outcomes. Finally, the study recommends a greater focus on sustainability by considering the environmental and social impacts of products within the cost analysis, thereby enhancing resource sustainability and minimizing waste throughout the product's life cycle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raid J. Majeed, Parzheen Sh. Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Strategic Orientation in Achieving High Performance
The research aims to determine the relationship and impact of strategic orientation in private universities represented by its dimensions (customer orientation, competitor orientation, technology orientation), on the dimensions of high performance represented by (management quality, workforce quality, continuous improvement, long-term commitment). The general framework of the research is represented by the research problem, which was identified by raising several questions about the nature of the relationship and impact between the independent variable (strategic orientation) and the dependent variable (high performance). For this purpose, a hypothetical plan was designed from which a set of main hypotheses emerged. In order to verify the validity of the hypotheses, they were all subjected to multiple tests. The questionnaire form was used as the main tool for obtaining data. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach, as the main and sub-variables were described, and the relationships and influence between the variables were analyzed. The research community was represented by all members of the college councils in private universities in the city of Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, numbering (112) members. While the sample was represented by (65) members of the college councils of private universities. The hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical tests using the computer program (SPSS V.23). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of positive correlations and strong effects between the main and sub-variables, at the macro and micro levels. The research suggested a set of proposals, including the necessity of harnessing the strong relationships between the variables and directing them towards serving the universities under study. Keywords: Strategic orientation, high performance, private universities in the city of Erbil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaywan S. Tofek, Ahlam I. Wali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Strategic Alignment in Promoting Cleaner Production Practices
Achieving cleaner production has become a key goal for industries seeking long-term resilience and environmental responsibility. In resource-intensive sectors such as the cement industry, where environmental impact is significant, strategic alignment plays a pivotal role in embedding sustainability into operational and management practices. Accordingly, this study examines the role of strategic alignment in promoting cleaner production practices, with a particular focus on the mediating effect of the entrepreneurial climate in the cement industry in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected using a pre-tested, structured questionnaire distributed electronically and internally to the number of relevant employees at the management levels of the studied factories, including managers and sustainability officers. A total of 102 responses were obtained, valid for statistical analysis. The results revealed that strategic alignment significantly influences cleaner production practices. Furthermore, an entrepreneurial climate significantly contributes to this effect, highlighting the importance of an innovative and proactive business environment in facilitating clean and sustainable production transformations. In light of these findings, the study recommended that the managements of the cement factories surveyed should, to ensure success in promoting cleaner production practices in a sound and effective manner and achieve the desired results, seriously consider the concepts of strategic alignment and the entrepreneurial climate approach and prioritize them as a vital cost center for developing and enhancing the adaptability and flexibility to meet the cleaner production challenges that any industrial system may face in an era of increasing industrial competition and intense environmental challenges.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jamal A. Hama Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reskilling of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Users and its Role in Organizational Sustainability
The current research aims to examine the reskilling of artificial intelligence (AI) users and its role in organizational sustainability in private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah. To achieve the research objectives, a hypothetical diagram was designed to illustrate the nature of the relationship between the current research variables. To test the research hypotheses, the study was applied to a sample of administrative staff in private hospitals in Sulaymaniyah. To obtain the required information, data was collected using a questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The research population consisted of (380) individuals, and (332) valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis to represent the research sample. The current research used several statistical tools to arrive at the relevant results, relying on the statistical programs (SPSS-26) and (AMOS-26). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: the existence of a statistically significant positive correlation and influence between the variable of reskilling artificial intelligence users and its role in organizational sustainability. Based on these conclusions, the researcher presented a set of recommendations, most notably: the private hospitals under study are called upon to develop mechanisms that support the reskilling of artificial intelligence users, given its positive impact on achieving organizational sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lana K. Abas, Ava O. Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Conscious Leadership in Organizational Sustainability
This research aims to analyze the relationship and impact between mindful leadership behaviors, represented by (emotional awareness, mental awareness, relational awareness, and self-awareness), and organizational sustainability, represented by (economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability). The research problem stems from the limited perception and application of mindful leadership behaviors and their role in achieving organizational sustainability in private universities in Erbil city. The general framework of the study is to identify the research problem, which raises several questions about the nature of the relationship and impact between the two variables. A hypothetical framework designed, including two hypotheses that were tested using statistical tools. Data collected through a questionnaire form that was prepared in advance for the purpose of collecting primary data. The research community included all faculty members in eight private universities that were intentionally selected in Erbil city, where 410 questionnaires were distributed and 375 were retrieved, with 356 valid questionnaires for statistical analysis, representing the research sample. The data were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS V.24), (AMOS V.24) to test the two hypotheses. The results revealed significant positive correlations and a significant impact between mindful leadership and organizational sustainability at both the overall and partial levels, with the self-awareness dimension emerging as the most influential dimension in organizational sustainability. The research recommended the importance of adopting mindful leadership practices as a strategic approach to support organizational sustainability in private universities in Erbil city.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismail M. Younis, Zana M Sadq, Amer A. Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Financial Immunity and its Role in Successful Financial Decisions
The research aims to test the role of financial immunity represented by (the ability to learn, organizational memory, regulatory genes, DNA) in the success of rational and financial decisions represented by (the investment decision, the financing decision, the profit distribution decision). In order to achieve the research objectives, a hypothetical diagram was designed to clarify the nature of the relationship between the variabilities. In order to test the research hypotheses, the research was applied to a sample of managers and administrators in Hiwa Rauf Company and Halabja Investment Group in Sulaymaniyah, to obtain the required information through the questionnaire prepared for this purpose. The researcher distributed (135) questionnaire forms, (130) forms were retrieved, while the valid forms for analysis amounted to (128) forms. The current research used several statistical tools. The study employed various analytical tools and reached several significant conclusions. The most important finding is the presence of a positive correlation and a statistically significant effect between financial resilience and sound financial decision-making. This result highlights that strengthening financial resilience enhances the quality and efficiency of financial decisions, while also supporting organizations’ ability to adapt and make effective strategic choices under challenges and changing economic conditions. In light of these findings, the study proposed key recommendations, including attracting and retaining highly skilled financial professionals and developing specialized training programs in financial analysis and risk management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lovan A. Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Integrated Reports in Enhancing Investment Decision-Making
This study aims to analyze the role of integrated reporting as a modern accounting disclosure tool in enhancing investment decisions, through surveying the opinions of a sample of academics and Chartered Accountant in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Accordingly, integrated reporting was adopted as the independent variable, while investment decisions were considered the dependent variable. The study relied on a questionnaire distributed to 60 individuals, of which 52 were returned and 49 were deemed valid for analysis. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed to address the study’s questions and hypotheses in the theoretical part, while the SPSS program was used to analyze the results of the field study. Among the key findings: integrated reports, which combine financial and non-financial information, play a significant role in enhancing the transparency and reliability of accounting disclosure, which positively reflects on the quality of investors' decisions. The results also indicated a statistically significant relationship and impact between integrated reporting and the enhancement of investment decisions, reflecting its role in reducing the information gap and boosting the confidence of external investors. Accordingly, the researcher recommends that economic units in the region adopt integrated reporting in line with the internationally recognized <IR> framework to enhance disclosure efficiency and improve the investment decision-making environment and Establishing rules and regulations that mandate economic units to prepare integrated reports as a prerequisite for listing in financial markets, while also offering incentives and benefits to entities that adopt this type of disclosure, in order to enhance transparency and attract investors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tavga M. Azeez, Serwan K. Essa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Social Support Among Female Survivors of ISIS in IDP Camps in Duhok Governorate
This research aimed to investigate the relationship between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Social Support among female survivors of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) terrorist organization residing in Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in Duhok Governorate. A descriptive-correlational method was utilized on a purposive sample of 42 female survivors. To collect data, the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) was used to measure PTSD, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to assess social support. The main findings revealed that the study sample generally suffers from a high level of PTSD symptoms. Concurrently, they perceive a high level of social support. The most significant finding was a strong, positive correlation between the level of PTSD and social support (r = 0.65). This indicates that as PTSD symptoms intensify, the perception of receiving social support also increases. The study confirms that social support is a critical coping factor and a natural response to severe trauma, highlighting the need for specialized psych-social programs for this vulnerable group. The importance of this research lies in clarifying the role of social support in mitigating PTSD symptoms, thereby paving the way for the design of more effective support programs that are tailored to the specific needs of trauma survivors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saifullah A. Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cognitive Motivation and its Correlation to Professional Competence Among Secondary School Teachers
The objective of this study is to determine the level of cognitive motivation and professional competence among high school teachers in general, to determine the level of cognitive motivation and professional competence among high school teachers according to demographic variables (sex, years of service, expertise), to determine the relationship between academic motivation and professional skills among high school teachers. The researcher used the descriptive correlational method. The community of this study consists of all high school teachers in public schools for the academic year (2024-2025) in the Pishdar district, which included (660) teachers of both sexes. The study sample was (420) teachers; stratified random sampling was used to select from the population. The measurement tools used are (cognitive motivation and professional skills) which were adapted by the researcher. After testing the validity and reliability of the measurements, they were divided onto samples of the study. The Results were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The most important findings of this study are: cognitive motivation and professional skills among high school teachers in the Pishdar directorate of education are at a high level , It is found that cognitive motivation is statistically related to all three dimensions (cognitive, behavioral, emotional) of professional skills; the type of correlation is linear. That is, with increasing cognitive motivation, professional skills increase, and vice versa. In terms of strength, this correlation is considered moderate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rebaz I. Ahmed, Bahat A. Saed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Iran's Influence on National Security in the Kurdistan Region after 2003
This research analyzes and accurately evaluates the Islamic Republic of Iran's influence on the security and stability of the Kurdistan Region after 2003, according to the Copenhagen School. This research aims to shed light on the Islamic Republic of Iran's impact on national security in the Kurdistan Region after the liberation of Iraq in 2003. This occurred after the region gained constitutional status in 2005 and was officially recognized under Iraqi law. Islamic Republic of Iran views the Kurdistan Region as a serious threat to its state security, and therefore has had a continuing influence on the Kurdistan Region. This research relies on scientific analysis to highlight the extent and nature of the Islamic Republic of Iran's influence on national security in the Kurdistan Region. The contents of this research attempt to shed light on the theoretical framework for analyzing national security: the military sector, the political sector, the social sector, and the environmental sector according to the Copenhagen School. In conclusion, we reached several points, including the Islamic Republic of Iran's need for the establishment of Kurdistan due to the presence of several risks. This has prompted Iran to indirectly influence national security in the Kurdistan Region through its policy with Iraq, thus directly affecting national security in the Kurdistan Region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawezh A. Rasool, Parwez R. Qader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Music And Song in Cultural Events in the Koya
This research explores the role of music and song in the cultural events commonly observed in the Koya region. The study aims to highlight the significant influence of music and singing on the cultural identity of the region. Using a qualitative methodology based on the Harvard referencing style, the research focuses on a sample specific to the Koya city area. This study contributes to the field of music anthropology and offers an artistic perspective on cultural practices. We propose that, in addition to being included in higher education curricula, music anthropology should be introduced—at least to some extent—in primary and secondary education to help preserve a sense of national culture among younger generations. The research investigates which cultural events in Koya are influenced by music and song and examines the reasons behind their decline. The findings indicate that many cultural events, particularly religious ones, differ between Islamic and Christian traditions. However, these events are gradually disappearing due to the fading of traditional practices and socio-political changes. The study concludes that music and song play a crucial role in shaping cultural events in the Koya region and that Koya holds a prominent position in cultural, musical, social, religious, political, and economic .contexts
Copyright (c) 2026 Edris H. Abdulrahman , Rekar O. Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Succession System in the Sassanid State, its Conditions and its Influence on Political Stability 224-651 AD
This Study, entitled “The Succession System in the Sassanian State – Its Contexts and Political Impact (224-651 CE)”, is an analytical study that examines the historical process of power transfer within the ruling Sassanian dynasty. It explores the mechanisms of appointing or replacing successors to the Sassanian imperial throne to clarify the extent to which the succession process adhered to a monarchical system. The study investigates whether succession was strictly hereditary, as the system was monarchical and established by Ardashir I (224-241 CE), the founder of the Sassanian state, based on the principle of dynastic rule. However, it was influenced by religious figures, noble families, and social movements. The research also examines the extent to which external influences and military power played a role in determining successors. Governance in the Sassanian state was largely hereditary, as it was expected that the king’s son would succeed him. However, this system was not always consistent, and conflicts often arose between the king’s sons or different branches of the royal family. Additionally, various social forces, such as the nobility, military leaders, and external powers like the Mughals, sought to influence the selection of successors to serve their own interests. Thus, this study aims to analyze the historical patterns of royal succession, the factors influencing it, and its political consequences. One of its key findings is that political instability often weakened the legitimacy of the throne, leading non-royal figures to attempt to seize power.
Copyright (c) 2026 mzhda A. Abwbakr, Kameran M. Jalal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Byzantine Empire’s Stance on the Qur’an between the 7th and 12th Centuries
This study critically examines the Byzantine Empire’s engagement with the Qur’an within the historically intricate period spanning the 7th to the 12th centuries CE (1st to 6th centuries AH). It situates this engagement within the broader context of the military, political, and religious encounters that unfolded in the aftermath of Islamic expansion into Byzantine territories. Central to this inquiry is the Qur’an, not merely as a sacred Islamic text, but as a potent epistemological and symbolic axis around which much of the interreligious dialectic revolved. The research adopts a discourse-critical methodology grounded in a comparative historical framework. It integrates the analysis of theological texts with an in-depth exploration of Greek translations of the Qur’an, examining their ideological function and exegetical implications. The study is structured into three main chapters, preceded by a theoretical introduction. Findings indicate that these translations did not arise from purely hermeneutic or scholarly motivations. Rather, they were shaped by a strategic theological intent to assimilate the Islamic text critically—an act of “critical assimilation”—to undermine its doctrinal authority while reinforcing the Christian polemical stance. These renderings often reflect theological distortions and selective readings, heavily influenced by the Syriac and Coptic traditions of Christian-Muslim disputation. This suggests that the Byzantine approach was not isolated but enmeshed within a broader network of Eastern Christian engagements with Islam.
Copyright (c) 2026 chia J. Omer , Haider Lashkry https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Influence of the Political Hegemony of the First Abbasid Period on the Emergence of Sunni Fiqh Schools (132-247 AH/750-861 AD)
Fiqh (Jurisprudence) is one of the pillars of Islam; it is a body of doctrine used to interpret Islamic principles. Through it, they could explain the concepts and the intentions of their religion, as not everyone could easily understand the texts of the Quran and the Prophet’s sayings. They interpreted the mysteries by depending on knowledgeable religious men and the followers’ speeches. Abbasi era is the golden age of fiqh; it was a scientific attempt that authorities made at that time to register books and activate the brain to give answers to the questions that people had on Islam and other religions. In that phase, it reached its peak, attributed to the role and encouragement by some of the Caliphates. They encouraged and spent money on religious men; they supported their writings, translations, collecting, and reshaping the old books. They established (The Home of Wisdom), a knowledge association, supporting the emergence and success of fiqh and science. This study aims to present the political role of that era in progressing the fiqh of Islam, encouraging in collecting and rewriting of books; they presented explanations and interpretations of the texts and deeds of the Prophet. A comparative explanatory method is adopted for analysis. The research concludes that the political phase had an impact on writing and registering the Sunnite fiqh and the emergence of reflective thinking.
Copyright (c) 2026 Goran A. Hama Ali, Kaiwan A. Anwer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Process of Eradicating Illiteracy in Iraq Between 1968-1981, Sulaimani as an Example
This paper is entitled (The Process of Eradicating Illiteracy in Iraq Between 1968-1981, Sulaimani as an Example). It investigates the extent to which Iraqi authorities paid attention to the process of education and awareness. Have the political changes in the country affected this issue or not? Sulaimani and its surroundings are an example. In the mid-20th century, the illiteracy rate among Iraqis was high; females’ rate was 90% in the cities and 99% in the villages. After the July 14, 1958 revolution, dozens of illiteracy eradication centers were opened after the enactment of Law No. 153 of 1971. The High Commission for the Eradication of Illiteracy, headed by the Minister of Education, opened a base in Baghdad. Then Law No. 92 of 1978 was passed to eradicate illiteracy and compulsory education for ages between (15-45) years. A full budget was provided for the headquarters and opening of popular schools. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the illiteracy process in the 1960s. The role of the headquarters in Sulaimani and its surroundings is shown; they tried to raise awareness in both sexes in Kurdistan and create an intellectual society. This research relies on historical-analytical methods through observation and analysis of historical documents. Then, the conclusions of the causes of illiteracy and how to prepare for it.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roshna F. Mohammed , Zana T. Abdulsamad, Soran H. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Iranian Policy Toward the Arabian Gulf During the Reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 1941 – 1979
This study explores Iranian policy toward the Arabian Gulf during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941–1979), a transformative era in the modern history of Iran and the region. The Middle East at the time experienced key political shifts that reshaped regional and global dynamics. One of the most significant events was the 1951 nationalization of Iranian oil, which strained Iranian-British relations. This occurred alongside the rise of Arab nationalism in the 1950s. A major turning point came in 1968 when Britain announced its withdrawal from the Arabian Gulf. Simultaneously, the United States expanded its strategic interests in the region. These developments intensified regional and international competition for influence over this vital geopolitical area. As a dominant power in the Middle East, Iran, particularly under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, played a critical role in promoting both its own national interests and those of Western powers. This research aims to present an accurate analysis of Iran’s Gulf policy during this period, highlighting its efforts to secure political and economic gains by assuming a regional leadership role. Additionally, this work seeks to contribute to the limited body of scholarship on Iranian-Gulf relations, particularly within academic institutions in Kurdistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hozan S. Mirkhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Electronic Communication and its Impact on Raising Muslim Children - Bullying as a Model
Bullying is a social disease that has spread widely in societies - in our current era - although it was prevalent in pre-Islamic society, but it came in a new form under the name of humor and jokes. It is no secret that this bad habit has an effect in generating diseases on the individual and society, such as planting fear, anxiety and discomfort, with the arousal of hatred and malice or the formation of an isolated personality that is unable to adapt to society, which results in a lack of self-confidence, or the growth of the phenomenon of mutual aggression or self-aggression that leads to suicidal thoughts, and others. This research aims at identifying electronic means of communication and their impact on the education of Muslim youth through cyberbullying, as a negative phenomenon that is harmful to society and its members. This research is based on an analytical descriptive study, where it addresses the talk of the media in old and recent times. Then learn about the concept of cyberbullying, its causes, and its educational effects on Muslim upbringing. Then, it developed Islamic pedagogical remedies to protect Muslim youth from cyberbullying. One of the main findings of the research was that the Islamic curriculum developed the optimal treatment for cyberbullying. Using the means of self-education and the development of religious conscience, in addition to family upbringing, intellectual and scientific upbringing, and the care of systems and laws in Islamic society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arazw N. Rashed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges to Educational and Pedagogical Practices at the University of Sulaymaniyah
This study aims to examine the key obstacles facing faculty members and students of Colleges of Islamic Sciences in general, with a particular focus on the College of Islamic Sciences at the University of Sulaimani. Established in 2007, the college employs about ninety faculty members of both genders across various academic ranks and serves nearly seven hundred undergraduate and postgraduate students in four departments: Sharia, Fundamentals of Religion, Religious Education, and Islamic Studies. As with any academic institution, shortcomings and criticisms are to be expected, as curricula are human intellectual products. This differs from Islamic sciences, where most curricula are rooted in divine revelation, intended for understanding, reflection, application, and judgment. Despite this, significant challenges remain. Some students are insufficiently prepared—academically, psychologically, socially, or economically—for admission. Some faculty members show limited engagement with pedagogy and educational development. Institutional factors also play a role, as the university’s administration at times appears to give less attention to the College of Islamic Sciences compared to other colleges, affecting the quality of education. Other challenges arise from the surrounding environment: family and social contexts, political authorities, institutional structures, and both regional and international policies that influence the Kurdistan Region. This research seeks to identify, categorize, and propose solutions to these challenges in order to enhance the educational and pedagogical processes within the College of Islamic Sciences and to offer recommendations that may be applied to similar colleges in other universities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mosin J. Rashid, Zana M. Ameen, Omed M. Najma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Criminal Liability for Violating the Right of Inmates in Iraqi Correctional Facilities to Humane Treatment
This research examines the extent to which the executive and judicial authorities in Iraq fulfill their obligations to protect inmates' rights in correctional facilities, within national legislation and international human rights conventions. The research focuses on three main dimensions: ensuring humane treatment, preventing torture in all its forms, and providing necessary health and psychological services. The study is based on the fundamental premise that, despite Iraqi laws containing clear provisions criminalizing any violation of these rights, the problem lies in their implementation, hindering accountability mechanisms. To address this, a comparative analytical approach was employed, complemented by descriptive and inductive methods, to deconstruct legal texts and identify the foundations for criminal liability. The study revealed a significant gap between legal provisions and prison reality, as reports continue to indicate practices indicative of ill-treatment and medical and psychological neglect, alongside weak oversight procedures at judicial and administrative levels. The absence of deterrent penalties and the inconsistency of some national laws with international conventions, such as the Convention against Torture and the Mandela Rules, have also played a significant role in perpetuating impunity. Based on these findings, the research concludes with proposals encompassing legislative reform, improving judicial performance, and enhancing the institutional environment, with a focus on supporting independent oversight, simplifying grievance procedures, and training prison staff to ensure effective protection of inmates' rights and strengthen public trust in the Iraqi criminal justice system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed M. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Hatha Yoga and Mindful Running on Female Students' Enjoyment of Physical Education Classes
Physical education plays a vital role in the overall development of students, enhancing both their physical fitness and psychological well-being. However, traditional PE classes often lack variety and creativity, leading to low engagement among high school girls, especially those with reduced motivation, flexibility, and physical fitness. This study aimed to design an engaging educational program using Hatha Yoga and Mindful Running to increase enjoyment in PE classes among 10th-grade female students. The participants were divided into four groups: a Hatha Yoga group (34 students), a Mindful Running group (35 students), a combined group (36 students), and a control group (34 students) following the standard curriculum. The program’s effectiveness was evaluated across six key psychological factors related to enjoyment: variety, autonomy, teacher interaction, intrinsic motivation, happiness, and self-evaluation. Findings showed that the Mindful Running group outperformed the others in most areas, suggesting its strong potential in boosting psychological engagement and enjoyment. The combined group also showed significant gains, particularly in happiness and self-evaluation. Meanwhile, the Hatha Yoga group showed modest improvements, likely due to the novelty of the exercises. The control group reported the lowest levels across all measures. These results highlight the value of integrating mindful and innovative approaches into PE programs to promote enjoyment, boost participation, and support students’ psychological growth, especially for adolescent girls who often face barriers to full engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sipan F. Saleh, Warhel A. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Focusing on Environmental Issues in Local Radio
Environmental Issues are one of the most important issues that have been taken seriously at a local and global level, and currently have their own special significance. Various scientific conferences and discussions about the environment of Kurdistan are being held, addressing and researching the risks and environmental challenges. This research, as one of the scientific efforts, aims to understand how local radio stations address environmental issues within the framework of their media content and the perspective of the lecturers at Sulaimani University on this matter. The research was conducted using descriptive and analytical methods; a number of lecturers from the University of Sulaimani have been selected as examples of research, each with different academic levels and fields. The following are the most important findings: Coverage of environmental issues at local radio is taken seriously, and it is not covered as if it is a superficial subject. Moreover, the involvement of university lecturers in environmental issues remains at an appropriate level of significance. Another result was that the internal radios cooperated in creating environmental awareness among. However, at the same time, it has become a centre of activity for the cooperation of related stakeholders in the dissemination of environmental awareness. Based on the findings of the study, a set of recommendations has been proposed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salam N. Mohammed, Luqman S. Karim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geographical Analysis of Poultry Production and Its Role in Food Security of the Population in the Governorates of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Livestock is an essential part of the agricultural sector and is important as a planting resource. The total projects are (1818) projects and (33) table egg projects. The study aims to identify the spatial distribution of poultry farming projects, analyze them, and map them in the study area at present, as well as determine the quantities of meat and egg production and their role in securing food. The importance of research is clear in meeting the local need for meat and eggs in achieving self-sufficiency for the residents of the region, as well as its importance in providing job opportunities for the residents of the region. The research has been divided into four parts, First Part: It has been devoted to introducing study area and the terms, Second Part: It discrbes geographical distribution of the rate of poultry pojects, Third Part: It has been devoted to practice of quantitative of poultry role in providing food for research area, and forth Part: It deals with securing food for the population and prospects in the area. We found that Sulaimani ranks first in terms of relative poultry meat value (44.2%), and Halabja ranks last in terms of the value (1.7%). But Erbil ranks first in terms of relative egg value (53.9%), and Duhok is in last place with (22.2%).
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Z. KukhaSadeq , Peshraw S. towfiq, Rebeen R. Rasull https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Geographical Analysis is to Identify the Destruction of Vegetation Cover in Koya River Basin How to Prevent it by Using (GIS & RS)
This research is a geographical analysis to determine the extent of vegetation destruction in the Koya River basin. Through the use of new tools, To identify those areas that are facing destruction and how to prevent it. According to the research, it has been proven that Changes in the vegetation environment are strongly related to climate change. In this research, we have selected Koya River basin, which is located in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, in the southwest of Erbil province, specifically it located in the middle of Koya district, which belongs to Erbil province, The research area that are chosen is (584.2) km2 This research relies on the use of aerial and satellite images (Landsat (band 1,7) for two different times. The first one was received on ( 1/6/2003), and the second is on (1/6/2023). To follow up on the changes and destruction of vegetation cover in the Koya River basin, for this reason, we began the process of dividing and classifying the research area by non-wavelength methods, which is considered one of the new functions. On this basis, the research area was classified into three vegetation covers: (forest, lawns, and empty area -residential area). In this research, we found that the empty area - residential area has increased at the expense of forest and vegetation area. The climatic factor is considered the most influential factor, which is responsible for these changes that have occurred in the natural vegetation of the area. This change is due to global climate change. The research plan consists of three topics. The first topic is dedicated to introducing the natural characteristics of the Koya River Basin. The second topic discusses the factors that affect the destruction of vegetation in the research area. The third topic is devoted to identifying these changes in the vegetation cover of the research area and how to deal with them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bnar A. Bakir, Sanaa A. Bakir , snur A. Rasool https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatial Relationship Between Climatic Elements and Wheat Productivity in Koya District
This study aims to show the effect of climate on wheat cultivation in Koya district, the relationship between the climate requirements of the study crop and climate elements in terms of (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and evaporation), we adopt the quantitative approach in processing and analyzing data by using (SPSS) to find the relationship between climate elements and wheat productivity, and the crop approach, The importance of the study is the lack of a relationship between wheat production and climatic elements. The research was divided into four axes (the development of wheat cultivation in Koya district, the climatic requirements for the wheat crop, the climate of Koya district, the climatic potential available for wheat productivity). It reached several results: Wheat crop ranked first in terms of cultivated areas, which averaged (74216.65) dunums, which constitutes (56.38%) of the total cultivated lands for the winter planting season and constitutes (9.04%) of the study area. Climatic elements have clear effects on the growth and production of wheat crops, more collectively than individually, as the correlation coefficient value reached (0.99). There is a strong relationship. These four variables were able to explain about 98% of the factors affecting productivity, and the rest depends on other factors. The study came up with proposals, the most important of which is establishing climate stations in important agricultural areas such as Taq Taq district, Shorsh district, and mountainous areas (Hebat Sultan and Bawaji).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ashti S. Sedeek https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Identify the Most Comfortable Climate Months in the City of Akri
The main objective of this research is to identify the impact of climate on human comfort in Akri city using some mathematical evidence and equations to determine the most suitable months for human comfort and activities in the region, as well as to identify the degree of human comfort based on the monthly averages of climatic elements in the region. Therefore, the theoretical framework of this study was examined in the first section, identifying the concept of comfort and the most important climatic elements affecting it in the study area. The second section focused on the applied framework of the study, in which some mathematical evidence and equations were used to determine whether humans feel comfortable, what are the months in which humans feel completely comfortable, and to determine the months suitable for tourism, health activities, and other activities. The evidence used to measure the impact of climate on human comfort in the study area is (Tom, Gregorsk, Spel, and Basel). After applying this evidence to some climatic elements recorded at Akri station for the period (2013-2022), the research reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that climate has a significant impact on human comfort in the study area. According to Tom's equation, April is the ideal month for human comfort, while according to Grigorsk's equation, the months with complete comfort are May, June, September, and October. The Spell and Basel equations show that the months with complete climatic comfort are May and October.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nejin GH Taher, Rami R. Kurtan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analysis of Spatial Variability of Flood Hazard in Sulaimaniyah Plain Basin: Using HEC-1 – WMS Model
Sulaimaniyah plain basin is located in the north-east of Iraq and the east of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. With an area of (719.81km2), this plain basin is located between the two circles of latitude (35 ° 23 '–35 ° 45 ') of the north and the two lines of longitude (45 ° 11 '–45 ° 34 ') of the east. In this study, the level of flood risk in the Sulaimaniyah plain basin is analyzed and evaluated in terms of quantity and quality of flood risk, water runoff, and flood hydrographic slope in the watersheds of the study area. In the basins of the location of the study, and by means of (GIS) and (RS), the research depends on the hydrological model (HEC-1) from the (WMS) program. In order to achieve the aims of the study, this model used a set of criteria such as slope degree, vegetation, land use, soil type, the highest amount of precipitation within (24 hours), and the shape and area of the drainage basins. The research used spatial and quantitative analysis, which concludes that the aquifers of (Kolabi, Hawarishar-Chnarok, Qularaisi, and Qrga) have an average time of concentration of less than five hours, which is shorter and more dangerous for flood hazard than the aquifer (Kani Pan), which has an average concentration time of (6,7 hours). The total annual volume of drainage from all basins in the study area is (19092695,4 m3), and the Kanipan) basin has the highest annual discharge, which is (2900403.45 m3).
Copyright (c) 2026 Hemn K. Hamaamin, Shokhan M. Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mapping the Green Area of Mergasur District in 2024 Using Remote Sensing
Green cover holds special significance in geographical studies and varies from one location to another. It is considered an important environmental component, and with increasing human activities day by day, its value continues to grow for humans, living organisms, and wildlife. This research aims to determine the area of green cover in the Mergasor District for the year 2024 and to analyze the changes that have occurred in this area based on satellite imagery. The study relies on a comparative and analytical methodology, utilizing Sentinel satellite images and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to examine the dynamics of green cover in the Mergasor region. The research plan is divided as follows :1. Defining the study area 2. Reviewing previous studies 3. Methodology 4. Mapping the green cover area in the Mergasor District. The research then presents several results and recommendations. Among the most important results: The green cover in Mergasor District was classified according to the NDVI into four categories: dense green cover, moderate green cover, low green cover, and areas with no green cover. In the spring season, the moderate green cover was the most widespread, covering %52.19 of the area, which is equivalent to 103.127 km2. In contrast, during the summer season, areas with low green cover represented the highest percentage, amounting to %68.06 of the area, which equals 1344.866km2. The most obvious recommendations are to focus on more research into green spaces and to enforce green space protection laws on all citizens of the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Media A. Khorsheed , Azad O. Rasul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Use of Violence Towards Children as a Method of Discipline by Parents From Their Prospective
This research aims to identify the forms of violence used by parents as a method of child-rearing, the reasons behind their use, and their relation to variables such as education, income, gender, age, profession, and number of children. It also explores parents’ attitudes toward using violence in parenting. Using a descriptive approach and a social survey (via Google Forms), data were collected from a sample of 370 parents living in Erbil. The findings revealed that psychological violence—including deprivation, threats, and quarreling—is more common than physical violence. However, hitting the head and pulling hair were the most frequent forms of physical violence reported. Most parents expressed that violence is an ineffective educational method, citing a lack of knowledge about alternative disciplinary approaches as the main reason for its use. The study also found a significant relationship between parents’ educational level and their use of violence, with those of lower educational levels using it more frequently. Additionally, the father’s and mother’s professions influenced the use of violence, with it being more prevalent among housewives. Finally, the number of children was a significant factor, as parents with four or more children were more likely to use violent disciplinary methods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Natheerah I. Abdi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social media and its Role in Achieving Family Security
The research problem is defined by answering the following problematic question: To what extent has social media contributed to achieving family security? The research aims to identify the relationship between social media and society. determine the degree of the relationship between social media and family security. Also identify whether there are statistically significant differences according to the research variables. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers relied on the descriptive analytical approach and used a questionnaire tool on a sample of employees at Erbil Polytechnic University, which was defined by the researchers in Erbil city as the study sample. The sample comprised a total of 247 teaching staff members. The main results reached through this research are as follows: social media does not have a positive impact on family security in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq according to the opinions of the research sample, thus rejecting the second hypothesis. Additionally, social media may negatively affect family security in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq based on the opinions of the research sample, which means there is a significant statistical relationship between the variables of social responsibility programs and social security. Moreover, there is a significant impact of the variable of social media on the variable of family security at Erbil Polytechnic University. In light of the results, a set of recommendations and suggestions were proposed. Including: the necessity of promoting the use of social media to benefit from it in living in a healthy and problem-free environment, for the purpose of achieving family security in Kurdish society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hataw K. Khidir, Aso W. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Political Parties on Political Development in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
This study presents a quantitative and comprehensive analysis investigating the impact of political parties on the political development of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, utilizing theories from political sociology as its theoretical framework. The research focuses on how various dimensions of political parties—such as structure, ideology, performance, inter-party relations, and popular base—affect key indicators of political development, including institutionalization, political participation, civil liberties, the rule of law, and the growth of civil society. Data were collected through a stratified random sample of (384) citizens across the four governorates of the Kurdistan Region. Using multiple linear regression analysis, it was found that party performance has the strongest positive impact on political development (total effect = 0.48), followed by the social base of the parties (total effect = 0.41). Meanwhile, Path Analysis revealed that relations with the federal government of Iraq play a significant mediating role between the influence of political parties and political development. Geographical differences were also observed in the results, with Erbil governorate recording the highest levels and Halabja governorate the lowest on most indicators of political development. Ultimately, this study emphasizes that enhancing the responsiveness of parties to public demands and strengthening their popular bases are two key factors for advancing political development in the Kurdistan Region. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics between political parties and the process of political development in post-conflict regions transitioning towards democracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 lashkr A. Hadaya , Rozhgar H. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Kurdistan Regional Government Youth's Orientation towards the Role of Social Media in Developing Environmental Awareness and Ethics
In light of the rapid development of social media networks and their transformation into an influential guiding force, the issue of environmental protection has become one of the most critical global concerns and is embedded within the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), requiring collective awareness. From this perspective, this study aims to determine the role of social networks in developing environmental awareness and behavior among youth in the Kurdistan Region. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a quantitative approach and a descriptive-analytical method utilizing a social survey sample to maintain scientific objectivity. Data were collected via a specialized scale from a random sample consisting of (500) young individuals across four provinces of the Kurdistan Region, including (235) males and (265) females. The results indicated that youth attitudes toward the role of social networks in promoting environmental awareness and behavior are at a very high level. Social networks were found to have a greater impact on "awareness" compared to "environmental behavior," as behavioral change requires deeper cultural and economic factors. Furthermore, the study revealed no statistically significant differences between males and females, whereas the residential location variable showed a notable effect; specifically, youth in Duhok and Halabja perceived the impact of social media more strongly than those in Erbil and Sulaymaniah. Finally, a strong and positive correlation was observed between environmental awareness and behavior. The study recommends that government institutions and educational ministries develop modern educational frameworks through social media, focus more on practical content, and support environmental content creators, while taking into account the regional variations and local needs of each province.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hazim A. Ramadhan, Basida H. Anwar, Dastan O. Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Intersection of Religion and Genocide: A Study of the Ezidi Case
This research explores the intersection between religion and genocide, focusing on the Ezidi genocide as a primary case study. The objective is to analyse how religion is utilized as both a motive and a tool to justify the annihilation of minority groups, addressing a critical gap in literature caused by the religious sensitivity of this issue. Regarding methodology, the study adopts Norbert Elias’s theory of "Social Figuration" and utilizes concepts such as "Structural Violence" and "The Otherness" to analyse religious discourse. The research scope and sample include the discourse employed by Islamic State (ISIS) in 2014 against the Ezidis, alongside the rhetoric promoted by certain representatives of political and traditional Islam. The key findings categorize the relationship between religion and genocide into three dimensions: Othering, Justification, and Authorization. The study concludes that religious institutions and authorities, even if not direct perpetrators, create a fertile ground for genocide through their discourse. It emphasizes that individuals, consciously or unconsciously, instrumentalize religion as a constructive role in facilitating genocidal processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim O. Sadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This paper examines the rhetoric of the late Jalal Talabani to answer to what extent he constructed the Kurdish identity and provided a clear illustration of the ongoing ethnic discrimination and subjugation of Kurds. Despite Talabani's pivotal place in Kurdish political history, very few scholars have utilized his earlier discourse to identify and analyse structures of ethnic discrimination and collective suffering. This study fills that gap by addressing the language role as a tool of national identity assertion through an analysis of Talabani’s speeches. This is qualitative research with Critical Discourse Analysis based on van Dijk's socio-cognitive model, which considers discourse at three levels: textual, cognitive and social. The strategy facilitates investigation of linguistic devices such as lexical choice, repetition, and passivation at the textual level; intertextuality, polarization, and implicit at the cognitive level; and power relations, ethnic and social inequality, legitimacy and representation, and victimhood or heroism at the social level. These markers can help to reveal the way Talabani’s discourse creates and reinforces Kurdish identity in an environment of ethnic oppression. It concludes that Talabani's associated rhetoric works as a strategic discursive force to raise the Kurdish struggle from the political resistance to an identity formation act. Talabani uses intentional language and socio-cognitive framing to aggregate pain into a story of common suffering and collective resistance. Utilizing emotionally charged data and historical allusions, he reframes Kurdish identity not simply as a product of past victimization but rather as a method to future empowerment through rhetorical polarization itself.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa Kh. Azeez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Kurdistan Region’s Foreign Relations After the 2017 Independence Referendum
Foreign relations remain a significant tool for non-state actors to achieve statehood. The Kurdistan Region (KR) is one of the most prominent non-state actors at the regional and international levels, with its own peculiarities. With the transformation of the ruling system in 2003 and the ratification of the last Iraqi constitution in 2005, the Region has become formally autonomous as a federal unit. The KR, similar to most other regions within the federal country, is exercising paradiplomacy in terms of its legal rights and attempts to achieve the right to self-determination. Since the ISIS insurgency from 2014 onwards, foreign relations in this region have taken a step further and are considered an exceptional opportunity in the form of protodiplomacy oriented towards achieving independent statehood. However, the decision to schedule an independence referendum on September 25, 2017, soon saw Kurdistan’s position at both regional and international levels slide back. The purpose of this research is to assess the level of effectiveness of the referendum on the KR’s foreign relations. This research seeks to answer the question: to what extent has the referendum affected the KR’s foreign relations? In order to achieve an in-depth understanding of the research, a qualitative methodology has been employed, along with the use of a quantitative methodology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bakhan A. Najmalddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Global South Citizen Perspectives: Balancing Growth, Defence, Urban Beautification, and Empowerment
How do citizens in the Global South perceive and prioritize economic growth, strong defense forces, urban beautification, and empowerment in their communities and workplaces? Are there any notable differences in these perspectives based on gender and age groups? What generational variations exist in the Global South concerning the pursuit of progress in shaping their visions for the future? How can insights from citizens’ perspectives inform more inclusive and responsive approaches to development, aiming for balanced growth, reduced inequality, and sustainability in the Global South? This research study navigates these vital questions using the data sourced from the World Values Survey, encompassing Global South Nations. The Paper delves into the multifaceted dimensions of development- economic growth, defense, urban aesthetics, and empowerment- with a focus on understanding how citizens’ demographic characteristics, especially gender and age, influence their perspectives. From a diverse and comprehensive data set, the analysis illuminates the relationship between gender, age, and citizens’ views on these critical dimensions of development. The paper explores generational differences, revealing the evolving aspirations of Global South citizens across age groups. The research underscores the significance of demographic factors in shaping policies and strategies aimed at achieving balanced growth, addressing inequality, and promoting sustainability. The research explores the voices of citizens as influential catalysts in molding the destinies of their countries, offering a more inclusive and responsive approach to development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sultana Begum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The landscape of Gendered Language in the Family Interaction: Reinforcement and Belittling
Gendered language plays a significant role in constructing and perpetuating gender roles, expectations, and hierarchies. In Iraqi Kurdistan, a region with deeply rooted traditions and social norms, family discourse reflects both the reinforcement and belittling through the use of language. On the one hand, individuals are marginalized or belittled based on their gender; on the other hand, others might be reinforced due to their gender and social expectations. In many traditional Kurdish households, parents might consciously use a gendered language that reinforces unequal expectations, customizing their language to sustain gender roles and undermine individuals based on their gender. This qualitative research explores the dynamics of gendered language within family interactions, focusing on the mechanisms of reinforcement and belittling from sociolinguistic frameworks, daily expressions, and existing proverbs. The research examines how linguistic practices within familial settings contribute to gender norm perpetuation. Through focus group discussions and thematic analysis, the study identifies recurring patterns in parental language, interactions, and communication that reinforce traditional gender roles or undermine individuals' agency based on gender. Findings highlight how everyday conversational exchanges serve as vehicles for reinforcing androcentric ideologies, with implications for childhood socialization and long-term identity. The study concludes by discussing potential gendered language in family discourse that leans on socio-cultural, economic status, and religious hegemony rooted in the language to show the significant role of these discourses in genderizing the language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dunya S. Mirdan, Shahlaa Wali Jabbar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Representation of English in Iraqi Kurdistan High School English National Examinations
In the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), the Grade Twelve English national examination is administered at the end of the school year. It is one of the essential requirements for higher education admission. This examination plays a pivotal role in shaping classroom practices, students’ perceptions of the language, and supports certain ideological and educational frameworks in the region. This paper aims to critically analyze how English is represented in the Grade Twelve English national examinations in the KRI from 2019 to 2024 using Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework. The findings suggest that formal varieties, grammar, and memorization are prioritized in the examination, and that there is a significant imbalance of cultural representation. Furthermore, the examinations encourage rote learning and test preparation. Such patterns highlight a method in which memorization and test scores lead the way, leaving little room for advanced and contextualized tasks. Additionally, the study urges test designers to align examination content with communicative language teaching, which the curriculum is based on. The study enriches the existing literature on national examinations by explaining how national examination discourses show power differences in education and offers suggestions for policymakers looking to develop English language assessment in the KRI.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muradkhan Z. Muradkhan, Nawzar M. Haji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Empowering Rural Women through Agripreneurship
This study introduces the Rural Women Agripreneurship Empowerment Index (RWAEI), a comprehensive tool designed to evaluate the empowerment outcomes associated with agripreneurial activities among rural women in conflict-affected regions of Northeastern Nigeria. It investigates the roles of access to mechanization, agricultural production, employment of hired labor, and market participation in fostering long-term economic inclusion, enhancing decision-making power, and promoting community leadership, alongside generating employment opportunities. The framework is grounded in Sen's Capability Approach and Gendered Institutions Theory. Employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), mediation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM), the research validates the empowerment pathways and constructs the RWAEI model based on data collected from 1,146 rural women across Gombe, Bauchi, and Adamawa states. The findings reveal that the link between agripreneurship and empowerment is significantly mediated by factors such as labor employment and access to machinery. The index serves as a contextually relevant measure for assessing the agency and resilience of rural women, achieving a Cronbach's alpha of 0.812. The results support the integration of targeted capacity-building initiatives and gender-sensitive agricultural policies to enhance the impact of agribusiness endeavors. By transitioning from output-oriented models to assessments centered on capabilities, this study contributes to the discourse surrounding agripreneurship and holds significant implications for poverty reduction, post-conflict recovery efforts, and the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Copyright (c) 2026 Fidelis F. Ijanada, Mercy Adeyeye , Jacob A. Alabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative Analysis of Predicate Functions in English and Central Kurdish (Sorani)
This study adopts a contrastive linguistic approach to examine the predicate functions in English and Central Kurdish (Sorani), focusing on their syntactic, morphological, and semantic characteristics. While both languages belong to the Indo-European family, they diverge significantly in structure: English follows a rigid Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order and employs auxiliary verbs and inflectional morphology to convey tense, aspect, and modality. In contrast, Central Kurdish exhibits more syntactic flexibility and uses a distinct system of verbal agreement and aspect marking. The research applies a descriptive-analytical model grounded in contrastive analysis theory, drawing data from authentic language use (literature, mass media, and spoken discourse) as well as scholarly sources. The central hypothesis is that despite surface-level grammatical differences, universal tendencies in predicate structure can be observed across both languages. The findings demonstrate that although predicate realization differs typologically, both languages exhibit consistent functional roles for predicates in conveying propositional meaning. This contrastive analysis not only highlights structural divergences but also supports the existence of cross-linguistic patterns, contributing to the broader discourse on universal grammar. Given the scope of the study, the focus is limited to general discourse contexts, with particular emphasis on mass media as a shared communicative domain.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad A. Ibrahim, Ibrahim M. Karimi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Use of Code-Switching in the Kurdish Television Advertisements
The current study investigates the use of code-switching in Kurdish television advertisements, evaluating its occurrence, kinds, and television advertising managers’ perspectives on the matter. The rationale behind conducting this study is that globalization has a great influence on the increase of multilingualism in Kurdish society, especially within the context of mass media. The frequency, types, and reasons for using code-switching in Kurdish television advertisements had not been practically investigated before, so its functions in keeping a balance between globalization and cultural identity had not been sufficiently explored. This study draws on both qualitative and quantitative approaches in the process of data collection and data analysis. It is qualitative for administrating an interview and analyzing the phenomena of code-switching in television advertisements, and it is quantitative for determining the frequency of code-switching and their types in the employed corpus. The interview section is held with 10 television advertising managers, and 21 video transcripts of television advertisements are analyzed. As a result, the findings demonstrate that code-switching is applied to hook various viewers, expand clearness, and mirror modernity. Simultaneously, influential considerations are increased regarding the use of code-switching on Kurdish language conversation. As a result, the study found that inter-sentential switching is the most common type of code-switching among the three primary types of code-switching, television advertising managers use code-switching for several important reasons, to attract audiences, simplify messages, and show modernity. It revealed the conflict between globalization’s impact (via bilingualism and multilingualism) and cultural identity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aveen K. Ali, Rizgar M. Ameen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effects of Displacement and Forced Camps on the Host Community
This paper addresses an important topic about the effects of displacement and forced camps on the host community. The main objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of forced displacement to camps on host communities, particularly in the areas of education, social structure and marriage processes, economic opportunities and social dynamics. Special attention is paid to women's experiences in the camps, including their personal freedoms and socio-economic challenges. The study reviews more than forty different studies conducted in different countries, analysing the impacts that communities faced from displacement and camp resettlement. Through a critical examination of prior literature, this study aims to assess the extent to which camps impact host communities. Bringing together a variety of results, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex and multifaceted reactions of these camps in the surrounding areas. The review explores the socio-economic, political, and cultural consequences of camps. It highlights both immediate and long-term effects. The results show that camps exert significant socio-economic pressure on host communities, primarily on access to education for camp people. Increases inter-ethnic and inter-group conflict. Another result is the change in the role of women in the camps, who play different roles, and the marriage process has changed so that the marriage rates have increased in the camps. Also, the increased risk of gender-based violence against displaced girls in the camps is another result. Culturally and socially, concentration camps have a significant impact on host communities by transforming social cohesion and community relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karwan M. Aziz, Murad H. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0