Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Contemporary Approaches of Color in the Interior Design of Commercial Spaces

Alwand D. Najib — 2025-01-15

This research investigates the development of contemporary color trends in the interior design of commercial spaces. The research consists of four parts. The first part (research methodology) asks the following questions: Do they collaborate on the identity of the spaces? The focus of the study is to highlight human interaction with the commercial space, and the study aims to highlight the technique of color to create identity and influence the psychological aspects of the user. The role of artificial light on color is the boundary of the cafeteria space in Erbil. The theoretical framework is: First, contemporary color and its relationship to interior design, which consists of perception and continuity of color, color flow and identity of Others, color and its relationship to designer experience, the color reaction in interior spaces, and the second part is color trends and visual effects in contemporary interior spaces such as the influence of environment on contemporary color trends, the role of artificial light on contemporary color trends User psychology, the role of progress on the contemporary color trend, and the third part consists of descriptions, and the fourth part consists of results, conclusions: recommendations and suggestions Identity of commercial spaces and has an impact on the psychological aspect of the user, contrast colors are more used in commercial spaces, artificial lighting helps with color. And the progress of the times helps contemporary color.

شرۆڤەكرنا هەڤالناڤێن لێكدایی د زمانێ‌ كوردیدا ل دویڤ تیۆرا تێكەلكرنا چەمكان

Huda I. Salih — 2025-02-01

This research is an attempt to analyze compound adjectives according to the theory of Conceptual Blending, as well as to find out how meaning is formed from compound adjectives. The theory of Conceptual Blending is considered one of the most important theories in cognitive linguistics, and it investigates how meaning is formed. In it, four spaces are shared to form the new meaning. These four spaces are combined from two spaces from the input and a general space with a mixed space. The research was conducted according to the concept mixing model of (Gilles Fauconier and Mark Turner). The research hypotheses consist of: Does the Conceptual Blending theory analyze complex characteristics? Is it possible to benefit from it to find out the meaning of these compound adjectives? The results of the research show that it is possible to analyze compound adjectives according to the theory of Conceptual Blending, as well as to show their meanings, in addition to the percentage of compound adjectives that are composed of a sensory concept and an abstract concept, which is 62%, and the compound adjectives that are composed of two sensory concepts is 6%, and the percentage of adjectives that are composed of two abstract concepts is 6%. About 32%. The research was divided into two categories. The first categories talks about cognitive linguistics and the fields of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics theories in particular talk about the theory of Conceptual Blending. The second categories searches for compound attributes and their application according to the theory of Conceptual Blending.

Thermal Comfort Assessment Modeling of Buildings in Erbil Using Two Indices: (PMV and UTCI)

Bahar H. Saeed — 2025-02-01

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) defines comfort as the state of satisfaction with the surrounding thermal environment. Thermal comfort outdoors follows two models: the steady-state model, influenced by the local urban climate, and the adaptive model, based on human adaptation to climatic conditions. To analyze thermal comfort in Erbil, field measurements were conducted on selected buildings representing the BSh climate based on the Köppen classification. Data collection covered ten locations, measuring temperature (average, maximum, and minimum), relative humidity, and wind speed outside buildings, while inside, temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Using BTMETER devices, observations were conducted in winter (January 4–10, 2023) and summer (July 4–10, 2023) at 6:00 AM and 1:00 PM. Buildings were selected based on geographical orientation and architectural diversity. Thermal comfort was simulated using PMV and UTCI indicators in Rhino/Grasshopper software. Results indicated seasonal variations in thermal comfort. The PMV index showed warm conditions in summer and slightly cool conditions in winter, while the UTCI index suggested strong heat stress in summer and mild cold stress in winter. These findings highlight the impact of urban climate on thermal comfort, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic factors in building design.

Assessment of the Capacity of Educational Service Distribution in Piramagrun

Shwan S. Mohammed — 2025-02-01

Educational services are essential for human development, survival, and maintaining a decent quality of life. As civilization advances, the demand for education grows, addressing the evolving needs of individuals. These services play a crucial role in fostering learning and shaping the thinking and behavior of children and students across all levels of study, from kindergarten to pre-university. Education is not only a fundamental goal but also a key driver for societal progress and individual growth, ensuring better opportunities and improved quality of life. Services Children and students learn from kindergarten to pre-university and college Therefore, based on field visits and data and information about educational centers in Dukan Education Directorate and school directors, we came to the conclusion that the number of kindergarten students in Piramagrun currently reaches (650) students and (38) teachers (2) kindergartens, primary schools (9) centers and (5353) students and (327) teachers, secondary schools consist of (4) centers, (2475) students and (110) teachers, high school consists of (3) centers, (1307) students and (97) teachers and (18) educational centers in the city. The importance of this research is that educational centers are centers that have an impact on the cultural aspects and development of any society that has not been researched in this field before in the region. Their analysis The problem with the study is that the population is increasing day by day against the average In 2009, the population of the district was 23,006, but in 2023 it will increase to 34,550 person.

شیكردنه‌وه‌یه‌كی جوگرافی بۆ گۆڕانه‌كانی به‌كارهێنانی زه‌وی له‌ شاری بنه‌سڵاوه

Bzhar A. Abdul Qader — 2025-02-01

The city is the source of human needs, and humans regulate land use patterns within the city. Residential consumption is also the highest in all cities in developed and developing countries. This reflects the fact that the city is increasing as a result of rapid population growth, causing increased demand for more land, which of course leads to the emergence of urban expansion and land use change. The aim of this study is to determine the level of land use change in Banaslawa city. This study relies on morphological methods, analytical methods and historical methods, In order to achieve the objectives, the research plan is divided as follows: Theoretical framework of the research (previous research and introduction of the research area). Morphological stages of Banaslawa. Measurement of land use change. The study then presents several conclusions and recommendations. The most important results are the geographical location of Banaslawa and cheap land prices, which are the main reasons for population growth and land use change. Throughout the morphological stages, residential land use occupied the largest area, increasing from 171.21 hectares to 612.51 hectares at the end of the third morphological stage. Land use change has occurred in all land uses at all morphological stages. The most obvious recommendations are to provide more services to the city's residents, in all aspects. Deploy services in a planned manner across the city, in accordance with international standards.

Geographical Assessment of Livestock Distribution in Koya District

Mohammed Z. KukhaSadeq — 2025-02-01

Livestock production and breeding is considered one of the most important national assets, which plays a fundamental role in the agricultural sector, an important source of national income, which includes meat and dairy products and are an important nutritional component for humans. Economic geographers always emphasize the importance of livestock, especially where natural and human conditions are favorable, because this economic sector has a great impact on other sectors of the country's economy, because the development of livestock is the dynamo of other industrial and commercial sectors Therefore, the economic sector of many countries in the world relies on the importance of livestock development, which sometimes becomes the basis of economic development of the country. There are a number of geographical factors that affect the development of livestock This study discusses the differences in the geographical distribution of livestock in Koya district for 2023. The aim of the study is to determine the impact of natural and human factors on the geographical distribution of livestock such as sheep, cows and goats The inductive method, which both It includes descriptive and analytical methods. In general, we have divided the research into three themes. The first topic is the distribution of livestock in Koya district, the second topic is dedicated to the effects Geographical distribution of livestock in the district, the third topic is about assessing the quantity of choice of location for livestock and its problems in Research area.

Cultural Development and the Question of Responsibility

Kaveh Dastooreh — 2025-02-10

The following lines attempt to establish themselves on a question that is epistemological and related also to the historical development of a society. It is often said that the Kurdish society in South Kurdistan has not seen much cultural development since the uprising. If we answer affirmatively this hypothesis, we must immediately ask ourselves where this underdevelopment comes from. What is the reason? Could the unfavorable political situation, especially the role of political officials, be the cause of this problem? Alternatively, it can be said too that it is mostly the insufficiency of cultural agencies or the lack of cultural activities that have created this situation. In this study, we avoid this attitude and try to show that both political and cultural institutions share the development of a knowledge that we consider to be the major cause of cultural underdevelopment in South Kurdistan. The nature of the development of discourse has historically played a significant role in what we call “the discourse of extinction and the discourse of survival”. Based on a combined method of historical development and applied epistemology, this effort first goes through the definition of culture. Then, by analyzing this discourse, a genealogy of the concept of “whatever is Kurdish is good” will be established.

Social-Psychological Consequences of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Sabat J. Mustafa — 2025-02-10

The primary objectives of this study are to recognize and address the social and psychological repercussions of post-traumatic stress disorder in the family, as well as its causes and effects on other family members. In the same time provide family treatment and support for those who have post-traumatic stress disorder. For this purpose, a quality study was conducted, and the researchers interviewed a group of 16 people who were infected with post-traumatic stress disorder in Erbil, the participants were of both genders, but most of them were female, aged (6-48). To analyze the available data، this study relies on the MAXQDA program, which is software that is used to analyze qualitative data. As a result of this study, it was found that the lack of family support for the participants appears to be very strong. Also, the passage of the participants from a tragic event has had a significant impact on social and family relationships, due to psychological, social and physical changes, as well as the appearance of symptoms after unpleasant experiences. The majority of the participants experienced condemnation from family members who either thought they were the root of the problems or were unaware of the influence of the symptom of the disorder, which made family treatment and support less beneficial for the individuals receiving it. The lack of support of family members for the participants is related to poor social relations, which is due to avoiding the treatment faced by the family, even with the idea of suicide and sleep problems. In a lesser way, it has been shown that family support has a significant effect on reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among participants.

Components and Principles of Curriculum Development

Ibrahim M. Braim — 2025-02-10

Curricula refers to the set of information, facts, concepts, and ideas that students study for a specific purpose, or the collection of courses that schools offer to students so that they can eventually acquire specific characteristics. In the early twentieth century, new educational thinking emerged, leading to criticism of old views on studying materials and needs. These views neglected the desires, interests, needs, and attention of students, with critics arguing that the traditional educational curricula separated knowledge aspects and failed to achieve educational objectives. Consequently, opinions on the roles of schools, students, and teachers changed, giving rise to a new perspective. This perspective consider the structure of educational curricula as a set of skills acquired through learning activities. The definition of curriculum also changed, defined as all those experiences and skills that students gain under the guidance of teachers. This paper entitled " Components and Principles of Curriculum Development" aims to illustrate the components and principles that education professionals and leaders adopt to develop study curricula. To achieve its objectives, the study employed a descriptive analytical method to review subjects related to curriculum and principles of curriculum development. The paper came to the conclusion that learning objectives, content, activities and evaluations are the most important components of curricula. Additionally, it emphasized that developing a curriculum should be based on specific interests, supported by educational philosophy, and involve precise planning that considers psychological and sociological bases. The development should follow a complementary and inclusive direction, taking into account the highest interests of the sociaty.

The Impact of The Internet on Youth Social Alienation

Sarina B. Hussein — 2025-02-10

Today, the Internet has become an integral aspect of young people's lives, often referred to as their lifestyles. Apart from entertainment, youth in the region utilize the Internet for various services. However, excessive Internet usage can lead to feelings of alienation, a concern commonly addressed by sociologists. Alienated individuals tend to become less productive members of society and may avoid social activities altogether. This study aims to assess the impact of the Internet on youth social alienation, particularly as young people in the Kurdistan Region dedicate a significant portion of their time to online activities. The study seeks to identify the variables contributing to youth social alienation and examine the relationship between Internet usage and this phenomenon. We aim to demonstrate the significant impact of the Internet on social alienation, examining this impact through the lens of gender. To achieve this objective, the researcher conducted a social survey among young individuals aged 17-30 in Erbil, representing diverse professions and educational backgrounds. This study concluded that the themes of social isolation, anomie, and goal orientation exhibit moderate strength in relation to social alienation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Internet exerts an influence on the social alienation of young people in Erbil. Interestingly, the variables of years and hours of Internet use, as well as gender, did not display statistically significant differences.

The The Use of Media Hashtag (#) to Organize New Social Movements

Hemin A. Jalal Shwani — 2025-02-10

Nowadays, hashtags are an effective tool in new media to express issues and communicate with people. This study aims to analyze the effects of hashtags as a new media tool in organizing and directing new social movements. Moreover, how hashtags can be used to build community and encourage new social movements to interact and share were examined in this study. In this study, instances of hashtags (#MeToo), (#BlackLivesMatter), and (#IceBucketChallenge) have been able to achieve social, political, and health changes in the world, and have conveyed several personalities and officials. The results of this study showed that new social movements are effectively relying on hashtags as a new and powerful tool to organize their business, especially to raise awareness of social and political issues and to encourage social change and reform. It has also become clear that new social movements must have a good understanding of how to use hashtags and deal with them responsibly and effectively. Furthermore, new social movements must have a thorough knowledge of the technical principles of hashtags on different platforms. Additionally, the findings of this study discovered that hashtags can make a social movement's topic a trending topic on social media, helping to increase the movement's global reach and make it a topic of discussion both nationally and internationally, as the #MeToo movement did.

Hate Speech on Social Media

Ammar N. Hawas — 2025-02-10

The shadow media outlets of political parties on social media platforms play a negative role in spreading hate speech, especially in tough political tensions. The political parties compete and target the opposition parties, through their affiliate media and followers, directly and indirectly attacking their opponents and creating a tense virtual environment, in a way to push the audience and social media users to believe in what they are claiming. In such campaigns, they use harsh, insulting, and inappropriate expressions. This Research is an attempt to unveil the truth, about using Hate Speech on social media by political parties and weighing their approach, on social media platforms, during political disagreements in the Kurdistan Region. The method of this research is based on an Analysis of Content and conducted a month-long analysis of General Focusing, on all the articles and posts published by Basnews, Kobas, and Malik outlets on social media. The study tried to point out, the level of hate speech on social platforms. Also, the impact of the political party’s shadow media on spreading hate speech. As well as the user’s engagement, interaction, and reactions toward this phenomenon.

The Role and Status of Women in the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (1981- 1992)

salam A. Omer — 2025-02-15

The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is one of the well-known parties in North Kurdistan. Since the beginning of its founding in 1978, it has emphasized the legitimate rights of the Kurdish people. Therefore, since its inception and announcement of the political struggle, it has paid attention to the important role of women, so that they were convinced that there is no victory for any organization or revolution without the contribution of women. From this standpoint, and throughout its long historical journey, the participation of women within this party, in taking positions and issuing decisions, was clearly visible. This research adopted the method of comparative historical analysis and conclusion by presenting, comparing, analyzing and interpreting information. As well as correcting and strengthening historical incidents based on meetings. On the other hand, study and analysis whenever necessary. The aim of writing this research is to demonstrate the viability and role of feminism within the party. The reason for this is that it made women’s effective contribution to eliminating the idea of inequality between women and men, which in the end became a reason for changing men’s mentality and attitudes towards women. This made it possible for women to participate effectively side by side with men, so that women would play their role in the front rows of battles with men and play the same role.

Kharaj At the End of The Sassanid Era and The Beginnings of Islam

Kameran M. Jalal Majeed — 2025-02-15

This study entitled "Kharaj at the end of the Sassanid era and the beginnings of Islam- A comparative study" it investigates Kharaj between the late Sasanian period and the beginning of the Islamic State. This research attempts to explore the fields of kharaj’s management in these two different eras. Another part of selected subjects are the land types in those two periods and whether it had an effect on the rate of accumulated kharaj the research examines the importance of kharaj as a source of state income. Depending on the previous statements, both states counted this source as the most valuable one, what is the reason behind? This article examines the related subjects the collecting Kharajs’ method, which system it was? To what extend the system of the caliphate authority period got benefit from Sassanid system, through representing the source of information path and evaluating them in this study, then comparing both periods, the differences and similarities become more obvious, despite of this point the comparison will clarify the performed alteration and the degree of Kharaj’s development. This study is expected to figure out some results, the Islamic state may benefactive from Sassanid generations in some cases, no matter they are from early Sassanid’s, or from the late Sassanian governance period, besides it seems that they performed some modifications, and this based on the circumstances of their era.

The Situation of Iranian Women and Their Role In Publications and Organization (1906-1925)

kwestan A. Khdir — 2025-02-15

This study is an attempt to present the status and role of women in Iranian society between 1906-1925. This period is considered very important in the history of Iranian women, because it is considered the beginning of their social, cultural and political role as they move towards realizing their rights and equality with men. With the emergence of new developments in the structures and institutions of the Iranian state and changes in intellectual developments in society, beliefs, ideologies and movements in Iranian society, while due to the presence of the religious background and the role of the clergy in the country, as well as the traditions that dominate social relations that have historical roots, women have topped the scene in important historical situations in movements and uprisings to play their role in showing women's consciousness.The most important question in this study is to what extent the changes played a role in this step, and to what extent she obtained her legal and civil rights, what internal factors played a role in this step, and what external factors were in front of her? All these questions are answered in this study through the method of data collection and analysis. The result of this study is a study of the aspirations and goals of women in Iranian society in their first attempts to obtain their social, civil and legal rights, women politicians continued to open educational centers, publications and organizations dedicated to women.

koua university The Relationship Between the Sheikh Bizeni Tribe and the Residents of Koya City and its Surroundings (1900-1905)

Zana T. Abdulsamad — 2025-02-15

When governmental institutions in any region weaken and lose their influence and authority, other forces emerge in their place, leading to conflicts and disagreements among these emerging powers. Koya was one of the cities where Ottoman authority had significantly weakened by the early nineteenth century, leading to raids by surrounding tribes against its residents. This research focuses on the Sheikh Bizeni tribe, one of the most prominent. This study attempts to answer three research questions: What were the causes of confrontations between the Sheikh Bizeni tribe and the residents of Koya? What role did Ottoman state institutions play in this conflict? How much damage did these raids inflict on the local population? We attempt to address all these questions by presenting official Ottoman state documents and contemporary sources of the events, along with analysis of the information. As indicated above, we aim to shed light on a historical event that significantly impacted various aspects of the city's development. Furthermore, the existence of such a conflict during that period reveals the weakness of Ottoman authorities, who often could not easily resolve these issues and had to resort to other forces to confront this antagonism. After looking at the documents, as academic researchers we tried to give readers an unbiased account of this event, focusing on the part that Hama Agha Ghafuri played along with the people who lived in the city in response to the Sheikh Bizeni tribe's conflict and hostility toward Koya city.

(پرسیار) وەک یەکێک لە بنەماکانی مەعریفە لە ڕۆمانی (دوا شەوی دابەزینی عیسا)ی شێرزاد حەسەندا

Dldar A. Wsoo — 2025-02-20

Humans are conscious beings constantly trying to raise deep philosophical questions to discover and reveal the truth, events, and phenomena around them. After searching and investigating this subject, we have discovered that these kinds of profound questions exist in the novel (The Last Night of Jesus' Descent), and several such questions are raised. In this research, we aim to identify the level of questions. For this purpose, we have relied on the method (descriptive-analytical) and divided the research into two parts. The first part presents a theoretical framework for the concepts, terms of questions, knowledge, and the relationship between them. The second part analyzes the texts and discusses the level and scope of the questions.

ڕەگەزەکانی دراما لە کۆمەڵە شیعری (ئۆپەریت و پیەس لە یەك پەردەی كورتا) ی گۆراندا

Kanyaw Q. Ali — 2025-02-20

Dramatic poetry encompasses all the poetic arts, genres, and elements, presents a dramatic text in a poetic form to readers and viewers, and strives to enhance society and increase individual awareness. This genre focuses on presenting society through tragedy and comedy. This study employs the analytical-practical criticism method to showcase Goran's skillful and experienced use of various genres in his poetry. By using the genre of drama, Goran has been able to introduce another form of poetry into Kurdish literature, known as dramatic poetry. Goran adeptly employs various genres to showcase his poetic texts, particularly in his collection of poems, "Operetta and Piece in a Short Screen," in which he tailors the type of drama genre to suit the subject and context. In other words, whenever he needed any of the drama genres, he made them the main subject in order to serve his poetic message and purposes. The gender of the poet's personality, in particular, has the ability to align the names of the characters with their roles, thoughts, and behaviors, which in turn mirror Kurdish society. Like the genre of the poet's personality, he has paid attention to other genres such as place, dialogue, conflict, and time, each of which he has used in different ways.

Obstacles To the Application and Measurement of Accounting for Social Responsibility in Economic Units

Blesa N. Kakarash — 2025-02-01

This research aims to study the impact of accounting measurement obstacles related to social responsibility in institutions, which represents an important stage in the development of modern accounting. This stage emerged as a result of the increase in the size of economic units and the diversity of their decisions, which highlighted the importance of this accounting field. The increasing financial, economic and social impacts have motivated institutions to pay attention to the conceptual framework of accounting, but this framework is still insufficient. It does not provide specific answers to many accounting issues, such as how to measure social costs and benefits in an accurate way that reflects the true impact of institutions on society and the environment. The importance of social responsibility lies in providing the necessary information to improve and measure the quality of services provided. The term "social and environmental responsibility" can be used to describe the obligations imposed on companies to achieve goals that benefit society and contribute to enhancing environmental sustainability. The research was carried out by distributing a questionnaire to a sample that included a group of accountants working in government departments in Koya District. Fifty questionnaires were distributed, and all of them were retrieved, of which 47 were valid for statistical analysis using SPSS. The results showed a close relationship between social responsibility accounting and the challenges associated with its measurement. The research concluded with several recommendations, including the need to increase interest in social responsibility accounting and intensify efforts to spread awareness among institutions and individuals about the importance of this field in improving economic, social and environmental decisions.