Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences

Classical Sociologists' View of The Nation and Basic Paradigms About the Origin of The Kurds

Hawraman F. Karim — 2024-10-12

This interdisciplinary article addresses two primary investigations: the sociological standpoint on the notion of nation and fundamental approaches concerning the Kurds' origin. Consequently, we seek responses to the following pair of inquiries: Firstly, it delves into the foundational aspects of understanding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism, questioning its historiography. Secondly, it investigates the categorization of fundamental ideas and approaches regarding nation and nationalism and examines the extent of their influence on Kurdish literature in the related field. The study takes a dual perspective. Initially, it explores the perspectives of classical sociologists such as Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, and George Simmel on the concept of nation. In contrast to historical perspectives, sociologists analyze the notion through the prisms of social solidarity, moral environment, citizenship, Western rationality, and the nation as a superstructure. The second part of the article delves into the core approaches of primordialism, constructionism, and ethno-symbolism. The study concludes that the investigation into the origins of Kurds is a relatively recent development, influenced by a myriad of external and internal factors. Kurdish researchers have conducted their studies within the framework of the three above-mentioned methods, with visible differences of opinion regarding the origin of Kurds and Kurdish nationalism. Simultaneously, a distinct approach is emerging, asserting the uniqueness of the Kurdish issue and suggesting it transcends common modern paradigms.

The Influence of Religion on Economic Development

Jabar Q. Ahmed — 2024-10-13

Religion is one of the most important institutions in the process of socialization. Which has a profound effect on a thinking and behavior of individuals and groups. As well Religion affects economic system and is an important part of regulating economic life of individuals, however, nation building and national consciousness are based on the national economy. An important part of the preservation and development of nations is through the economy. Culture, religion and social traditions play an important role in shaping the economic status of nations. This is an important part of sanctified the work, work ethic, and love of work. Some opinion believe that religions have a profound effect on the way of life of individuals and groups. So that the basis of work, production and trade is sanctify mundane efforts. At the same time, it distorts the topics related to squandering and social virtues. This study is qualitative research, the aim of the study is to present the relationship between religion and the economy. As a result of this study, we found that religion and economics are two socio-cultural phenomena, and there is a strong influence and interaction between them. The level of influence and the relationship between them varies from one society to another. Religion also has strong influences on national economic development; therefore, religious discourse can play a powerful role in the process of encouraging the development of work culture and work ethics in societies. Reflecting economic growth in societies.

The Economic Motives for Committing Crimes of Encroachment on Money and Wealth

Rostam S. Mustafa — 2024-10-17

The main issue is to explain the economic motives that cause the encroachment of money and wealth. The aims of this study are to: identify general economic motives, such as; (economic developments and economic instability), Also specific economic motives, such as; (Poverty and unemployment) are related to crimes of encroachment of money and wealth. The descriptive analytical method was used in the study. The type of research is an analytical theoretical research. In light of theoretical directions such as capitalist system theory and subculture theories, the study concluded that the capitalist system in managing the country's economy. Causes crimes of encroachment on people's money and wealth, regarding the theory of Differential Opportunity theory, our research shows that the lack of legitimate opportunities to achieve material goals among the poor, opens the door to crimes. The Developments of the economic status in society; especially in the industrial and commercial sectors, with weak supervision of societal rules and laws, encourage financial crimes. Especially, fraud and dishonesty in trust, in an attempt to improve the economy, get rich and satisfy desires, it was found that the economic instability of prices, incomes and currency values in society create a bad and unbalanced economic situation for individuals. Poverty and unemployment also cause the loss of human potential to provide the basic necessities of life for one’s family, which then becomes a strong motivation for the crimes of encroachment on money and wealth.

Online Survey as a Data Collection Tool

Ziwar Z. Rasool — 2024-10-17

In recent decades, online surveys have been commonly used in political and marketing surveys and academic and scientific research as a modern technique for collecting data. The main reasons for the growth of online surveys are: firstly, increasing the use of the internet, computers, and smartphones; furthermore, according to statistics, in 2023, more than 65% of the world population uses internet, and 85% of the world population use smartphones. Secondly, researchers need new data collection techniques to analyze phenomena related to modern societies. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical review as a way to use online surveys in academic studies. The research method is descriptive. The main result of this study is that online surveys assist researchers in collecting data at a lower cost and in a shorter time. Additionally, since there is no clear list of the target population and Internet users are unknown, the majority of online survey researchers apply nonprobability sampling techniques. However, due to the methodological problems that online surveys face, a high level of online data quality cannot be guaranteed, particularly concerning reliability and validity. Thus, researchers should use a mixed method that combines face-to-face and online study techniques in a study.

The Relationship Between Frustration and Forms of Violence Among Young People

Dastan O. Mahmood — 2024-10-18

The current research aims to explore the relationship between frustration and forms of violent behavior, to measure main variables and to show the role of demographic variables on the results. The research adopts a “Quantitative” approach, and relies on a "survey method" and “questionnaire” as data collection instruments that consists of the scale of frustration (28) items and the behavioral violent forms (30) items. A sample of 360 students of Raperin University was randomly selected, which 180 were female and 180 were male. The researchers used SPSS to analyze the data. The findings of the research highlighted are the frustration and violent behavior patterns among the sample are very low. There is also a statistically significant difference between men and women in terms of frustration, with men more likely to be frustration than women. Meanwhile, males are more likely to commit violent behavior (physical and symbolic) than females, but females are more likely to commit verbal violence than males. Students with poor family incomes were also more likely frustration. Finally, there is a moderate statistically significant direct relationship between frustration and violence in general and violence (physical, verbal and symbolic). That is, the higher the level of frustration, the higher the forms of violent behavior. The reverse is also true.

Teachers’ Perceptions of the Degree of Practicing Organizational Justice among Physical Education and Sports Sciences Department Heads in Selected Universities in Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Goran M. Fattah — 2024-10-27

The research aims to prepare a measure of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers, and to identify the level of organizational justice among department heads of colleges of physical education. Physical education and sports sciences in some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view of teachers. The descriptive approach using the survey method for its suitability and the nature of the study. The research community was identified using the intentional method of teachers in the College of Religious Education and Sports Sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq for the academic season (2023-2024), numbering (5) colleges. The researchers used the following statistical parameters to find the results of their research. Using the statistical package (SPSS) (percentage - arithmetic mean - standard deviation - simple correlation coefficient - Spearman Brown), the results were obtained by preparing a measure of organizational justice among heads of departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences for some universities in the Kurdistan Region from the point of view Teachers through scientific procedures. The number of items in the scale was (28) items, distributed over (4) dimensions. The heads of departments of the faculties of physical education and sports sciences of some universities in the Kurdistan Region have a high level of practicing organizational justice.

Reflection of The Most Important Existential Themes In A Novel (Death At The Twelfth Bell) By Kawthar Shawkat

Nihaya M. Salih Ezzulddin — 2024-10-27

This research is an attempt to read and analyze the most important topics of existential philosophy in the novel (Death in the Twelfth Bell)، because the young writer (Kawthar Shawkat)، the author of this novel، was able to some extent to raise the most important topics such as (freedom، man، humanity، optimism، pessimism)، which is the focus of how to prove the real existence of individuals in society in particular and life in general. This research was conducted according to the descriptive analytical approach. We try to answer these questions: To what extent was optimism gained in the novel (Death in the Twelfth Bell), and whether the male novelist was able to discuss existential topics in a balanced manner. The aforementioned novelist also tried through the movement and positions of her novel characters to portray and present to the recipient the meaning of (existence) according to the concept of modern existential philosophy. It is worth mentioning that the aforementioned writer focused on the personality of women in how to portray existential topics. For this reason، we can consider this novel as an important philosophical text in its logic. As for the chapters of this research، it is divided into two chapters. The first theoretical section consists of these sections: the term and definitions of existentialism، as well as how this philosophical orientation is reflected in world and Kurdish literature. As for the second chapter، we have focused more on reflecting and embodying the most important existential topics in the narrative text of this research.