KOYA UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
KOYA UNIV J HUM SOC SCI (KUJHSS) is a semi-annual academic journal published by the Koya University. KUJHSS publishes original research in all areas of Humanities and Social Sciences. KUJHSS is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access journal. It has a 150,000 IQD submission charge (ASC) and article processing charge (APC). p-ISSN: 2707-9341 | e-ISSN: 2522-3259 | DOI: 10.14500/2522-3259 _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Peasant; Identify and Participation in Uprising of Abbasid Eastern Caliphate
The study of the life and identity of peasants during the Middle Ages, specifically within the Abbasid period (132-224 AH / 749-856 CE), represents an underexplored area of micro-historical research, necessitating further in-depth investigation. This research employs a method of fragmentary evidence to examine the concept of the peasant within political and economic contexts. Additionally, analytical methods are utilized to critically assess the available fragmented evidence, leading to informed conclusions. Of course, these searches are more difficult when the sources refer to categories of farmers that are very rare and propaganda, and more times the source mixed between Lord lands and Peasant; however, more attention was paid to political and military issues, and the upper classes of society were in front of the subjects referred to in the sources. So we need to search in some different sources like; literary, geographical, linguistic, religious, and moral and advice, morality and advice sources. This study treats the peasant as an agent of social dynamics, focusing on their identity and personal life, and their broader societal impact. The research delves extensively into the peasants' role in political and social spheres, deliberately excluding agricultural aspects for future exploration. The first section addresses the etymology and historical usage of the term "peasant." The second section investigates the peasant's identity as an individual and as an active societal participant during the medieval period. Finally, the third section explores the involvement of peasants in uprisings and revolutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Soran B. Bahaa, Salah C. Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Piracy in the Ottoman Empire, a caravan of Balisan as an example
Bandits work and caravan stripping have deep roots in history. Due to the extent of the borders of the Ottoman Empire, bandits work existed throughout the history of the state. This work is a challenge at the social, commercial and administrative levels It created a great commercial economy for the Ottoman state and the people Every convoy that went from one place to another was attacked by the road gangs. A convoy from Balisan district was one of the convoys that was attacked by the border gangs and their belongings were confiscated. This paper, entitled: Piracy in the Ottoman Empire, a caravan of Balisan (1892) as an example, consists of three main topics, each topic contains several sub-topics, along with the events of the trade caravan Balisan and interpretation of an Ottoman archival document about the incident, briefly and in detail It describes the history of bandit's warfare, the reasons for its commission and the methods of bandit's warfare in the Ottoman Empire. The aim of this study is to understand the economic and social conditions of the Kurds and the regions under the Ottoman Empire Scientific issues are raised, the most important of which are economic and social aspects. Also, the method used This research is a comparative analysis method, based on scientific criteria has tried to prepare a concise and informative research. Thus, in the light of the titles and sources used, several conclusions have been obtained at the end of the study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fakhir A. Ababakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Fear in the Strengthening of the Civilization in (330-427) Constantine City as an example
Fear has had a crucial impact on human beings’ entire history. It influences different dimensions of will and thought motivations. Fear has mainly built civilizations and resistance. Middle centuries have witnessed a civilization that remains significant in the present time of human life. Fear has become the key reason for Qustantinya's founders and defenders to use every method for protecting the city and its civilization from a series of threats from different attacks. thus, fear signifies in establishing and protecting the civilization. This study clarifies the role of fear in strengthening the key factors of civilizations. The study contains three chapters. Chapter one includes the analysis of the reasons of establishing civilizations. Chapter two mentions the establishment and strengthening the factors of civilizations in four different points: first is the clarification of society and needs that how fear impacts this factor on civilizations, second is the country authority that this city could become the center of politics in the core civilization, third is the detail about the city and its geographical importance is shown, the fourth is the ideological factor. Chapter three elaborates on the importance of Qustantinya city as the center of civilization, and the role of fear in resistance and progress. The study concludes that fear is a primary reason for protection, progress, building development, and many other dimensions in human beings’ lives within civilizations.
Copyright (c) 2026 saman O. Alee, Ismael Kh Nawkhosh, Diyar M. Taher, Ahmed A. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dimensions of the Lack of Continuity of Kurdish Power in Kurdistan
In this study, we aim to investigate the reasons for the lack of continuity of Kurdish power in Kurdistan after the collapse of the Kurdish principalities of the Abbasid period. From the second half of the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD to the first half of the sixth century AH / twelfth AD, within less than a century, all the Kurdish principalities fell, and the Turkish nation replaced the Kurds, ruling under different names and families. To address this question, we will analyze this phenomenon at three levels. Firstly, on a personal level, we will explore the absence of a charismatic Kurdish leader, which is crucial for the political landscape. Additionally, the Kurdish emirs and tribal chiefs, driven by personal desires instead of patriotic intentions, also contributed to the lack of continuity. Furthermore, the general dimensions played a role, as the fragmented nature of Kurdish society and its geographical location amidst conflicts influenced the situation. The external dimension, in particular, led to the dominance of the Turkish race in Kurdish areas, supported by power and the feudal system. As a result of these factors, Kurdish political power lacked continuity, remaining on the periphery of political events and fading from the historical power narrative."
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamaran A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Antonius and the Reasons for the Failure of his Policies in the East
This study which is entitled (Antonius and the Reasons for the Failure of his Policies in the East) deals with the Roman leader Antonius taking control of the eastern part of the Roman state, especially after the division of the Roman states between him, Octavian, and Lepidus within the formation of the triumvirate (tripartite authority). The research is mainly concerned with Antonius's policies in the eastern part of the Roman State, whether related to his military campaigns against the Parthian Kingdom and Armenia, or relevant to the political and military problems that resulted from them. Antonius tried to cover these measures with other diplomatic or military procedures. The Eastern issue was not limited to these policies, but the issue of Egypt, especially its Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra, was one of the important issues if not the most, where his emotional relationship which formed the most prominent topics that relate to the issue of the Roman political and ideological interests. The study attempts to take an analytical and critical approach to these events through Roman sources and modern references. The Books and studies that address the campaigns and policies carried out by the Roman commander were conducted through narrating the events without delving deep into analyzing some of the opinions of Roman historians. Some researchers have examined the context of the events without analyzing or criticizing the opinions of some accounts presented by Roman historians who took the traditional side of the Roman point of view of those events.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kameran M. Jalal Majeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The personality of Sultan Zahir Bibers (658-676 AH/1260-1277 AD) in the study of some European orientalists
Sultan Al-Zahir Baybars 658-676 AH / 1260-1277 AD, one of the most famous prominent Islamic figures during the Crusades between the Islamic East and the Christian West, which was known as the Crusades, With all that Baybars' personality contained of virtuous qualities such as courage and Religious attributes, in addition to his role in defending the Islamic state, and his defeat of the Crusaders and Mongols, and despite the positive deeds and qualities that distinguished him, However, his personality was not without negatives as well, as evidenced by what Islamic sources indicated before Christianity, In this study, the researcher attempts to present the Orientalists' view of the personality of Baybars, As Sultan Baybars occupied a large space in the studies and research of Orientalists, Given his influential role in the relations between the East and the West and his role in changing the balance of power during the Crusades and the Mongol invasion. In light of the above, the researcher is trying to draw a graph of the image of Baybars among Orientalists. We can say that the European Orientalist historical discourse was greatly influenced by the burden of historical memory burdened with concerns about the conflict between the Islamic East and the European West since the Middle Ages, especially during the Crusades and the Reconquista in Spain. Through this study, the researcher attempts, by following the opinions of these Orientalists, to show Baybars' personality through Islamic sources first, and then delves into the opinions of Orientalists, trying to find similarities, differences, and deviations if an,y in what Europeans wrote about this character
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed R. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Composition of the Military and Its Impact on the Safavid State (1588–1629)
The Safavid state represents a crucial period in Iran’s modern history, attracting considerable scholarly attention, particularly in the context of civilization. This interest arises from the need to understand past social and political dynamics to illuminate broader historical developments. From its inception, the Safavid state sought to establish a military force grounded in national authority and a newly formed government. Analyzing the composition of this military force provides essential insights into Iran’s political and societal structures during this era. The reign of Shah Abbas I (1587–1629) was particularly significant, marking a period of transformation and progress. At the outset of his rule, Shah Abbas demonstrated a forward-thinking approach, learning from past experiences while formulating a clear vision for the future. With strong resolve and rational decision-making, he implemented crucial political reforms, the most notable being the establishment of a well-equipped military force. Strengthened by advanced contemporary technology and European military expertise, this force enabled Iran to compete militarily with other leading states.This study aims to provide a concise analysis of the military organization during the reign of Shah Abbas I and assess the impact of his military reforms in shaping a new army structure. Utilizing a historical-analytical approach, the study examines various sources to present a comprehensive understanding of the period. These reforms facilitated the integration of Gurjis, charkas, and Armenian elements into the Safavid military, revitalizing its traditional composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dara T. Kaka Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Criticism of Orientalists of the Messenger (Peace Be Upon Him), the Text of the Hadith, and its Transmission Chains
The Sunnah has been subjected to criticism by deviant sects in the past and by Orientalists in the present, and they have raised many and varied doubts about the Messenger (PBUH), the Hadith and their methods, and doubts about the Hadith Text and its Chains of Transmission. This research intended to discuss the following issues: The concept of Orientalism, the objectives of Orientalism, the Orientalists' method of studying Islam, their criticism of the Messenger (PBUH), and explaining their most prominent doubts and responding to them, the Orientalists' criticism of the Hadith Text and its Chains of Transmission, and the variations in authentication and weakening amongst Hadith scholars.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hashim I. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Values of War in Islam and Beyond in Light of Surah Al-Anfal
Islamic law came with the heavenly message of supporting peace, without, and it set values ​​for war since the time of the Prophet, as there was no trace of values ​​at that time, and the West set international law no more than one hundred (100) years ago, so there is a huge difference in Islam’s superior progress in values ​​and morals compared to the West, and working with these beautiful values ​​increases social peace in society, which directly affects the lives of Muslims and others, and therefore we tried to write the current research with the aim of restoring these lofty values ​​and concepts. This research deals with how the Holy Quran addresses the concept of war and its values ​​as mentioned in Surat Al-Anfal and how to spread peace and tranquility among all people and remove injustice from all humanity, with an analysis of the relevant verses and their interpretation in the context of Islamic ethics and humanitarian principles, and a comparison between humanitarian values ​​in Islam and others, and between humanitarian values ​​in wars as addressed by other systems and legislations. After that, it reviews how these values ​​are applied in Islamic wars compared to what is mentioned in international laws and contemporary humanitarian treaties, as well as compared to the values ​​followed in other civilizations and cultures, thus presenting a distinct and balanced model that focuses on protecting lives and respecting human dignity even in times of war.
Copyright (c) 2026 shwan G. Rafeeq, Arazw N. Rasheed, Aumed M. Abdulghani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Quantitative assessment of water erosion in the basins south of the Little Zab River using the Gavrilovic model (EPM) (Gavrilovic)
Water erosion is a significant phenomenon in geomorphological research due to its rapid impact on landscape formation. It encompasses all movements of surface water, including precipitation and runoff. In mountainous environments, soil erosion poses a critical threat to natural resources, particularly soil, essential for food production and vegetation growth. Erosion diminishes soil productivity by degrading its chemical, physical, and organic properties. The extent of erosion by surface water is influenced by various factors such as soil type, soil management practices, characteristics of drainage basins, and soil texture. Numerous models have been created to predict soil erosion and deposition, with one of the most significant being the Gavrilovic model, also known as the Erosion Potential Method (EPM), named after its developer, Gavrilovic, in the 1950s. This model has seen recent application following advancements in information and technology, particularly with the integration of geographic information systems for layering and rate application. The EPM model is specifically designed for mountainous basins and areas prone to erosion. The study area is situated in the northeastern part of the Kurdistan region and Sulaymaniyah governorate, south of the Little Zab river, positioned between the Galala Basin and the Gom Valley. For instance, based on the Gavrilovic model, the area experiences severe erosion, ranking highest for flat erosion-prone zones. The erosion volume measures less than 50 cubic meters per square kilometer per year, placing it in the top position for erosion severity in the region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Halmat T. Saeed, Ahmed Y. Ali, Nali J. Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Identifying Suitable Locations for Small Dam Construction and Rainwater Harvesting in Khanaqin District Center
Facing the impacts of global climate change, the Khanqin District Center—like many other regions in Iraq—has encountered the problem of diminishing water resources. This issue directly affects citizens' daily lives and local agriculture. Due to the construction of large dams on the Tigris River and the effects of climate change, this area has faced a water crisis. This research was conducted as an important factor for determining suitable locations for rainwater harvesting and the construction of small dams in the center of Khanaqin district. In this study, the Multi-Criteria Analysis) methodology, along with GIS and RS techniques and Model Builder in ArcGIS 10.8 for Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) site selection was used, which consisted of four steps: selection of suitable criteria, appropriate classification for each criterion, spatial analysis for creating suitability maps, and site identification. Five main factors, including slope, groundwater depth, land use, soil composition, and watershed drainage, were used as evaluation criteria. The results showed that the southern areas and parts of the central and northwestern areas of Khanaqin district center are the most suitable locations for constructing small dams. Three specific points have been identified in these areas, namely points (14, 16, 22), which can collect a suitable amount of rainwater and help solve the water shortage problem in the region. This research is an effective and necessary tool for regional planners for managing water resources in arid and semi-arid regions such as Khanaqin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diyar J. Jaafar, Saryaz S. Hussein, Frmesk R. Abdollah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Obstacles to Using Modern Teaching Methods in Schools for Displaced Persons Camps In Dohuk Governorate from the Point of View of Teachers
This study aimed to know the obstacles facing teachers in schools in refugee camps in Dohuk Governorate in using modern teaching methods from their point of view, and to know the differences in obstacles according to the variables of gender (males - females) and specialization (literary - scientific), The descriptive method of the correlational type was relied upon, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the scale prepared by (Al-Faraji, 2010) was relied upon, which consists of (40) items, and in front of each item are five answer alternatives: (strongly agree, agree, somewhat agree, disagree, strongly disagree) after extracting its psychometric properties represented by honesty and reliability, The study sample consisted of (82) male and female teachers distributed among (10) schools (5) middle schools and (5) secondary schools, after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the (T-test) for one sample and for two independent samples, It was found that there are obstacles in the use of modern teaching methods among male and female teachers of schools in displaced persons camps, and that there are no statistically significant differences between the members of the research sample according to the gender variable (males - females), and the presence of statistically significant differences between members of the research sample according to the specialization variable (literary - scientific) and in favor of scientific specialization. Researchers recommend providing teachers with experience and skills on how to use teaching methods before they join the teaching process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mshaan F. Mahmood, Mohammed Q. Rajab https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Respect for Time and its Relationship to Personality Type (A.B) Among Faculty Members at Koya University
The main objective of this study is to identify the relationship between personality types and time respect. The methods used in this study are descriptive-correlational. The population consists of Koya University teachers (616) overall. The sample size is 129; teachers elected simple random as participants. For collecting data Researcher benefited from two questionnaires personality types scale consisting of 68 items, and a respect of time consist of 38 items. The most important objectives achieved by the study are, respect of time among participants is significant and above the mean. About personality type (A), the dimensions of speed and competition are higher than the mean, but uncontrolled anger and hostile tendencies are lower than the mean. About the personality type(B), the level of calmness is higher than the mean. Have a significant relationship between speed and competition according to males and females. Also, about the effect of time respect on their personality types and characteristics, Respect has a statistically significant effect on speed (0.204), uncontrollable anger (0.226) in type (A) personality, and calmness (0.176) in type (B) personality because the the p value is less than 0.05 (P-Value<0.05). The type of effect is direct, that’s means, as the first variable increases, the second variable also increases, and on the contrary. There is no statistically significant effect of time respect on the dimensions of competition and hostile tendencies, considering is greater than 0.05 (P-Value>0.05).
Copyright (c) 2026 Jwan N. Rasul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Social Skills in Building a Sense of Responsibility Among University Students
The university, as an educational institution, has an important role in individuals’ education in society, and it is a significant role in changing customs and traditions and achieving good behavior. The objective of the study is to measure the social skills and sense of responsibility of university students and to find out the statistical indicators about the level of social skills among university students, according to the variables of (gender, place of residence and stage) also know the level of sense of responsibility among university students, according to the variables of (gender, place of residence and stage) and know the level of impact of social skills on the sense of responsibility among university students., study is a quantitative study with using descriptive method, the population of the study is (1992) students and (322) students randomly selected as a sample. The results show that social skills and sense of responsibility in a positive state, and it is more common in males than in females, it is more common among those living in cities than among those living in towns or villages, but social skills increase with increasing level of education, but do not change the sense of responsibility, and social skills affect the sense of responsibility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad A. Hama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Political Authority and Youth Migration from the Kurdistan Region - Iraq
The study aimed to identify the views of a sample of individuals on youth migration and political authority in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, and the significance of differences in their views according to demographic variables: gender, social status, profession, and economic level. The study relied on the use of the social survey method using the sample method, as a questionnaire prepared for the purpose of the research was applied to a random sample consisting of (148) respondents of both sexes. The study concluded that the phenomenon of migration exists in all societies in varying forms, and the reason for migration is due to a group of driving and attractive factors. It was found that youth migration is related to the nature of political authority in the region. The results showed statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the views of sample individuals on youth migration and political authority attributed to the gender variable, in favor of males. It was also found that there were statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the viewpoints of the sample individuals on youth migration and political authority due to the variable of social status and in favor of the married. While there were no significant differences in their viewpoints according to the variables of profession and economic level. In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented
Copyright (c) 2026 Meeran M. Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Modernity in the Development of Urban and Social Aspects in the City of Erbil
This study intends to identify the role of urban modernization represented by vertical housing and villas on the nature of social relations in terms of cooperation and a sense of pleasure and safety among the residents of those modern neighborhoods. Fifty families from four neighborhoods participated and were asked to fill out questionnaires for this purpose. The results showed that 86% of the respondents reported that the social relationship between the population ranges from reasonable to good, while a significant number of participants mentioned that regular visits occur among them as well. Modernity played a transformative role in shaping urban landscapes, fundamentally reshaping how cities were conceived, constructed, and experienced. The emergence of modernity roughly spans from the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. Contemporary Implications: Modern urban development continues to influence current city designs, with ongoing negotiations between technological efficiency, social inclusivity, and environmental sustainability. The role of modernity in urban development was not merely a technical transformation but a comprehensive reimagining of human spatial and social experiences. Cities became laboratories of human potential, reflecting profound technological, social, and cultural shifts of the modern era. The current research also systematically addresses the role of modernity in developing the urban and social aspect, living in vertical housing within modern residential neighborhoods in the city of Erbil, and the role of this modernity in the nature of social relations between these residents, families, and children, and the nature of their interaction with each other.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shvan I. Hamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Body Image and its Relationship to Cyberbullying of Social Networks
This study aims to determine the accepted level of body image and cyberbullying among the study sample in general, as well as to determine the relationship between body image and cyberbullying and reveal statistically documented differences in body image according to some demographic variables ) Similarly knowing the evidenced difference Statistics on cyber bullying and demographic variables (gender, hours of social networking, department), descriptive relationship research method was used because it fits the nature of the research, the research community consisted of (1150) students, the research sample consisted of (150) university students Koya in the Faculty of Education, Measurement Body Image by Faizullah, 2023 and Electronic Violence Scale by Hamad Amin, 2022. The research instrument was distributed among the sample after extracting the psychometric characteristics of honesty and stability. SPSS was used to find and analyze the results. Data is technique Statistics (mean and standard deviation, Tai experience for an independent group, ANOVA, Pearson correlation equation), and the results of this study showed that students of the Faculty of Education prefer body image. part). The level of cyberbullying is high among the study sample, and there are no statistically significant differences in cyberbullying and its demographic variables (gender, hours of social networking, department). Finally, several recommendations were presented in light of the results.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahen R. Awla, Dalya Hashim Othman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationship to Quality of Life among University Students
The primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence dimensions and quality of life in a sample of university students. Employing a descriptive-correlational method, the researchers developed a questionnaire featuring 24 items for emotional intelligence and 18 for quality of life. It was distributed online to a random, stratified sample of 420 students from Salahaddin, Sulaimani, and Raparin Universities, comprising 239 females and 181 males. Data analysis was conducted using the SPSS software. Key findings revealed that dimensions of "Social Competence" and "Self-Awareness" were generally high among participants. In contrast, "Self-Regard," "Empathy," "Self-Management," and overall emotional intelligence scored at a moderate level. The overall quality of life was reported as high. Statistically significant gender differences emerged. Females scored higher in "Self-Awareness," "Empathy," "Self-Management," "Self-Regard," overall emotional intelligence, and quality of life. Males, however, scored higher only in "Social Competence." Furthermore, students with a poor family economic status had a lower quality of life compared to those with good or average status. Finally, a strong positive correlation was found between all emotional intelligence dimensions and quality of life. Specifically, "Social Competence," "Self-Awareness," and "Self-Regard" had a significant direct influence on quality of life, whereas "Self-Management" and "Empathy" did not demonstrate such an effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dastan O. Mahmood, Mohammed R. Khdir , Pshtiwan Awla Khdir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Poetics of the Main Parts of Speech in Sherzad Hassan's Novels
Poetics is a relatively recent concept in literary criticism compared to other concepts. Although its root is not new, dating back to Greek literature, especially to Aristotle’s book entitled ‘Poetics’, it was not as widespread as it is nowadays. For a long time, poetics had been relevant only to a specific literary genre, namely poetry. However, in the early twentieth century, researchers and scholars in the area of literary criticism began to pay great attention to poetics and researched it extensively in various scientific studies relevant to literary criticism. Subsequently, the term ‘poetics’ spread to many other fields, including music, painting, and architecture. Additionally, it became commonly used in many literary genres. One of the crucial aspects which influences the poetics of any literary text is the poetic language, including the main parts of speech such as nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Thus, the language of novels written by the famous Kurdish writer, Sherzad Hassan, is rich with poetic style, with a strong reliance on parts of speech, especially in the use of figures of speech, such as ‘oxymoronic images’ which result from the artistic use of the main parts of speech, Additionally, these types of images are meaning-changing and there is a kind of distance between the two extremes of images. This creates semantic incompatibility. To find compatibility, there should be metaphors used in between to refer to them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaleel I. Mustafa, Rezan S. Mawlod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Position of the National Revolutionary Idea in Ahmadi Khani’s Mam and Zin
Our goal through this research is to affirm the ideology of national revolution with evidence from Khani’s Mam and Zin. To this end, we examined theories and perspectives of numerous writers and philosophers from various nations and eras to clarify the concept of revolution and nationalism. We also provided examples of contrasting and opposing views on nationalism and authority in both Eastern and Western civilizations. We introduced the concepts of nations and nationalism and attempted to compare the relationships between earlier and contemporary intellectuals and philosophers with Khani’s views as expressed in Mam and Zin. It became clear to us that Khani is on par with global international intellectuals and philosophers in terms of his vision, thoughts, and philosophy on nationhood and national identity. In fact, he was ahead of many in articulating the importance of an independent and original entity for his nation, he also discussed all the concepts of establishing an independent nation. We then focused on aspects of revolution and nationalism in Mam and Zin, examining how Khani portrayed his characters and the purpose behind writing Mam and Zin. His primary goal was the sovereignty of his nation and country. Khani’s ideas and visions are fundamentally scientific. Khani understood the situation of middle east very well, and he discussed Injustice and oppression. In the end, he emphasized the will of the people, compelling unjust rulers to yield and listen to the voices of freedom.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kamiran Nabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This research emphasizes the images and mental feelings that have become the source of mystical poetry and a reason for the beauty of the text, and conveys a certain message in classical poetry, which is a major contribution. It is a step to introduce and show the mystical poetic references and images of the classical Kurdish poet Hariq. Hariq, one of the most famous poets of the classical period of Kurdish literature who lived in the nineteenth century, is considered by most researchers to be a continuation of the Baban school of poetry Returning to ancient literature in general and the purpose and content of Sufism in particular is the basis of a special innovation for some literary genres, especially our classical poets as other Eastern Muslim poets and talents, education of Hujran culture and Islamic sciences Sufism is a living part of our beliefs and poetic roots and the foundation of our classical Kurdish poetry. This study highlights the importance of Hariq as a poet who educated this culture, and if we cannot identify him as a Sufi poet, it cannot be denied that he used many Sufi terms in his poems. This determines his position in Kurdish Sufism. Although the existence of Hariq as a Sufi poet is still unclear, most Kurdish researchers have studied only his ghazals, but in this study, we will emphasize a hidden aspect of his poems, namely, some of the signs and phrases that convey the Sufi meaning expressed in the poems
Copyright (c) 2026 Hemdad H. Bakir, Vian A. esmail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Dictionary of Place Names in the Kurdish language (e.g. Vllages in the Koya region)
This study is devoted to the dictionary of place names in the Kurdish language (e.g., villages in the Koya region) and focuses on the structure of village names and their trends in the Koya region in terms of lexical and semantic structure. The reason for choosing this title is to show the lexical and semantic structure of the place names of the villages around the city of Koya، and the discussion of the structure of place names in the Kurdish language is very little or nonexistent in independent research, so it is necessary to present this topic in the form of a dictionary of place names. In order to conduct this research, we have adopted the method of analytic acceptance, we have used the everyday spoken language of the Kurdish speakersCorrect. In addition to the introduction، the Research is divided into three sections: the first chapter provides an introduction to the dictionary in general. The second chapter specifies the names of the villages around Koya in terms of form and meaning, and in the third and final chapter, the names of the large Elenjagh plots are shown, and in the last pages, the results and sources are presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rozhan N. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Philosophical Principles of Knowledge in Mawlawi's Poetry
Knowledge, which is a divine source and a charitable program, is a mystic as a purified agent who lives in that space as a charitable individual himself. In today's world, fatigue and aggression have faced people from many directions. Mysticism is the source of beauty and glory. Therefore, we must look at this issue from an intellectual perspective and find the philosophical principles of mysticism. Let's also open the “Arif” charity program. Its basic history is not from societies and times, but from the existence of Adam, the father of mankind, who became a mystic with his knowledge about the existence of the earth as a new destination for living in solitude, and then forever He has been able to communicate with the first source of God by holding on to his spiritual bond. The Kurdish nation, which is an ancient nation in monotheism, has an original mystical literature in the past and present. The poet “Mawlawi” has been able to put the highest philosophical purpose of mysticism in his poems, which are the same thoughts that there is the largest and most valuable source of this knowledge in the whole world. On the one hand, he has been able to present all the mystical destinations, which are hundreds; on the other hand, he has successfully put them in a fluent language, and his time in karma-giving poems that have a positive aesthetic. Therefore, working in this field requires a wide and valuable research space.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ala D. AbdulMajed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analogy and its Types in (Mem and Zain) by Ahmed Al-Khani
Mem and Zain by Ahmed Al-Khani is a great epic in Kurdish literature. it is an epic rich in general rhetorical methods and analogy. Khani used analogies in various styles and techniques, so we decided to analyze them and show the methods and diversity that Khani used in them. This study is under the name (Analogy and its types in (Mem and Zain) by Ahmed Al-Khani. It is an attempt to identify the genres and methods of analogy in this epic. The research aims, according to the descriptive-analytical approach, to answer two questions: how have simile techniques been used in this literary work, and how have they been expressed and in what style? This study consists of two chapters: the first chapter deals with the concept of analogy and its basics, while the second chapter deals with its types and methods. It should be noted that in the two chapters, the models were applied, and the study concluded in the other to several results, the most important of which are: good skill in expression and the formation of literary analogies. The manipulation of the components of simile is a phenomenon and one of the characteristics of this epic work. and this is due to the skill and innovation of Khani in the field of rhetoric and expression techniques.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jivan N. Haji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Determinants of Structural Change in the Industrial Sector in Iraq for the Period (2000-2022)
The process of structural change in the industrial sector in Iraq during the period (2000-2022) was affected by multiple factors, which were essentially based on economic and social changes that are mostly the result of the effects of wars, conflicts, and political instability that have become known to all. The research focused on a set of factors that included aspects of economic and social impact in order to demonstrate their impact on the structural change of the industrial sector represented in the added value of the industrial sector as a percentage of the gross domestic product. The research adopted the standard approach in demonstrating this impact, and the results of the stability of the time series showed the necessity of using the ARDL bounds testing methodology in the joint integration between the model variables. Among the most prominent results reached is that employment in the industrial sector as a percentage of total employment had the greatest impact on the added value compared to other variables, which is an implicit indication of the weakness of the impact of the industrial sector in Iraq on the movement of social changes and also the limited impact of spending on infrastructure that was not directed to support and develop manufacturing activities. This means that the increasing trends in value added in the Iraqi industrial sector do not suggest a real structural change, but rather reflect an increase in the cash returns generated from it. Accordingly, the study recommends the necessity of adopting economic and industrial policies capable of directing production elements towards sectors with high productivity, most notably the manufacturing sector, in addition to the urgent need to diversify the Iraqi economy and limit the oil sector’s monopoly in forming the gross domestic product, by establishing and supporting manufacturing activities in which Iraq has a comparative advantage in producing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed M. Abdulqader, Zeki Matti S. Akrawee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of Using Expert Systems in Developing Human Capital Among Auditors
The research aims to demonstrate the impact of using expert systems in developing human capital among auditors. To achieve the research objective, the researchers relied on primary sources, namely the design of the questionnaire, which was designed based on previous studies and the theoretical aspect of the research. The questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part includes paragraphs aimed at identifying the characteristics of the research sample, and the second part consists of four axes that include (20) paragraphs. Each axis includes (5) paragraphs that were used in collecting data in order to test hypotheses and answer questions related to the research problem. The research sample members amounted to (44) individuals, including (14) auditors, (9) legal accountants in auditing offices and companies, and (21) university professors. After analyzing the data using the statistical program (SPSS) and testing the research hypotheses, a set of results was reached, the most important of which is: The application of expert systems technology has a positive and significant impact on developing human capital for the auditing profession through developing knowledge, experience, skills, and innovations among auditors. In light of the research results, the researchers recommend a number of recommendations, the most important of which are: The necessity of the participation of auditing offices and companies in local and international scientific conferences and seminars on information technology on an ongoing basis, to be constantly informed of the latest developments in this field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eram J. Mustafa , Barzan H. Ahmed, Vian S. Hama Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Impact of the Banking Marketing Mix on Creating a Mental Image among Customers
Determining the banking marketing mix requires a precise understanding of banking services marketing, considering the rapid changes in the business environment and the evolving needs and desires of customers. Banks, especially private ones, vary in their emphasis on marketing mix elements in terms of defining them, understanding individual requirements, and building a mental image for customers. This is among the objectives that banks strive to achieve in a planned manner. The research problem centers on the question of the impact of the banking marketing mix on shaping customers’ mental images. The study aims to examine the effect of the dimensions of the banking marketing mix—namely service, price, distribution, promotion, people, processes, and physical evidence—on creating a mental image among customers in private banks operating in Duhok Governorate. The researchers adopted a descriptive-analytical approach by designing a questionnaire distributed to a sample of employees providing services to clients, as well as a sample of customers dealing with the studied banks. To achieve the research results, the SPSS statistical program was utilized. The findings revealed that private banks in Duhok Governorate rely on a diverse and distinctive marketing mix, which has a clear impact on shaping the mental image among individuals in the sample. The study recommends focusing on the service element due to its vital role in enhancing the bank’s mental image, innovating in service delivery methods, improving quality, and finding a balance between service and its price, which helps banks compete amid the rapid technological developments in the business environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kasar A. Mohammed , Abdulwahid T. Shukri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Measuring and Analyzing the Impact of Industrial Development on Achieving Sustainable Development in the Iraqi Economy for the Period (2000-2023)
Industrial development to achieve sustainable development depends on assessing its impacts through environmental, social, and economic indicators. The purpose of this research is to measure and analyze the impact of industrial development in achieving sustainable development in Iraq, with a focus on independent elements such as value-added in industry, oil prices, and the COVID-19 pandemic, considering their important role in enhancing industrial development and achieving sustainable development. The research methodology relied on secondary data and time series estimations using Time Series Estimation, the ARDL model, and the Bounds Test to analyze short- and long-term relationships between the variables. One of the main findings of the research is that increasing value-added in industry positively contributes to enhancing economic growth, increasing job opportunities, and reducing unemployment. Environmental pollution must also be considered. The results showed that oil prices positively contribute to supporting the Iraqi economy, given its heavy reliance on oil export revenues. COVID-19 negatively affected the Iraqi economy, leading to a decline in economic growth, but unemployment levels remained relatively stable. Finally, the results showed that Iraq's focus on extractive industries, compared to manufacturing industries, contributes to increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Based on these results, the research suggests reducing reliance on extractive industries and enhancing sustainable manufacturing industries, as they play a role in supporting economic growth and reducing unemployment by creating more sustainable job opportunities. It emphasizes the importance of adopting advanced techniques and relying on modern technology to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate the environmental impact.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rawa F. Hama Karim, Younis A. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Job Requirements-Resources in Reducing Workplace Trauma
Organizations periodically seek to achieve their goals in light of contemporary environmental changes. One of the ways that may lead to increased employee productivity and an important factor in the success of the organization is the balance between job-demand resources, and job demand is generally one of the most important predictors of important organizational outcomes such as psychological well-being, job engagement, etc. More efforts of contemporary organizations are towards achieving a balance between J-D resource, which leads to reducing the shock in the workplace. The questionnaire form was distributed electronically to a sample of employees of the College of Commerce and the College of Administration and Economics at the University of Sulaimani. to test the research hypothesis, the statistical program (SPSS V. 24) was used. The results showed that there were significant levels below the average of negative association between work resource requirements and workplace trauma at the level of the two colleges studied at the University of Sulaymaniyah in the city of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, meaning that the more the College of Administration and Economics and the College of Commerce studied depended on work resource requirements, the more this led to a reduction in workplace trauma, and even a periodic assessment of the work environment to determine the level of manifestations of workplace trauma and work to address it immediately and reduce cases of abuse and violence to a greater extent, and to establish a work culture based on respect and cooperation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali A. Khaluf , Media A. Mohammed Saeed, Ava O. Fatah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role Of Authentic Leadership In Achieving Organizational Well-Being
This research aims to explore the role of authentic leadership in promoting organizational well-being at Duhok Technical University. The focus stems from the growing need to foster positive emotions in the workplace through leadership rooted in psychological capital and ethical values. A descriptive analytical methodology was adopted to assess the levels of authentic leadership dimensions among administrative leaders and examine their influence on organizational well-being. The study’s sample consisted of faculty members from the university’s colleges and institutes across the Duhok governorate. Out of 130 questionnaires distributed, 111 were returned, and 103 were considered valid for statistical analysis. The research utilized various statistical methods, including means, standard deviations, correlation coefficients, and regression analysis, to analyze the data. Findings revealed a strong positive relationship between authentic leadership and organizational well-being, particularly highlighting the ethical and transparency dimensions in professional relationships. These results emphasize the significance of adopting authentic leadership practices to achieve higher levels of organizational well-being. The study concludes that fostering authenticity in leadership—especially in terms of ethics and openness—can significantly enhance the organizational climate and contribute to employee satisfaction and performance. As a result, the study recommends that administrative leaders at the university give greater attention to the development and application of authentic leadership dimensions in their managerial approaches. Furthermore, the study calls for continued research into the impact of ethical leadership on organizational outcomes, proposing that future studies examine this relationship in greater depth and in varied institutional contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chiya I. Dino, Dlofan A. Salman, Hivi K. Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Psychological Engineering and its Contribution to Enhancing the Sustainable Human Resources
The current research aims to explore the impact of Psychological Engineering symbolized by sensory awareness, rapport, behavioral flexibility, and outcomes of thinking, on enhancing Sustainable human resources, which includes human resource well-being, human resource development, human resource retention, and work-life balance in private hospitals in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, as the field of the study. To achieve the research objective, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed to collect and analyze data to arrive at conclusions. A questionnaire was used to gather data from a sample of 306 Workers working in the targeted hospitals. The research hypotheses were tested using SPSS V 25. The research concluded that Psychological Engineering has a direct impact on enhancing SHR by improving workers' interaction with the work environment on both emotional and behavioral levels. Its pillars align with workers' psychological needs, leading to improved job satisfaction, commitment, and retention. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend that the management of the targeted private hospitals actively implement Psychological Engineering principles and translate them into tangible practices, given their significant role in enhancing SHR. The scientific value of the study lies in addressing a knowledge gap arising from the scarcity of research on the relationship between Psychological Engineering and SHR in the context of the Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Additionally, it provides actionable insights to promote SHR by activating Psychological Engineering principles in the workplace of private hospitals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jotiar H. Mohammed , Nizar M. Ali Al-Sulaifani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Wise Leadership on Strategic Supremacy
The current study aims to analyze the relationship and influence between wise leadership, represented by its six dimensions (good governance, understanding the essence, creating a context for participation, communication skills, enhancing practical wisdom, and applying authority), and strategic sovereignty, represented by its three dimensions (area of ​​influence, competitive formation (construction), and competitive pressure). The general framework of the study is to define the research problem, which raised several questions about the nature of the relationship and influence between the variables. To achieve this goal, a hypothetical model was designed included two hypotheses that were tested using statistical tools. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. Data collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of workers in (18) private hospitals in Erbil city, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The number of workers in the (18) hospitals surveyed was (585) health and administrative cadres, which represents the study community. The researchers distributed (310) questionnaires, (245) questionnaires were retrieved, and (65) questionnaires were excluded because they were not valid for analysis. Thus, the number of valid questionnaires for analysis reached (177), which represents the study sample. Data were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS V.24) to test the hypotheses. The results of the statistical analysis revealed the existence of positive significant correlations and a significant impact between wise leadership and strategic sovereignty. The study recommended that administrative leaders should develop wise leadership capabilities at all organizational levels and enhance practical wisdom among all by creating common work contexts between all parties and playing a role in enhancing their strategic sovereignty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azad A. Saeed, Zana M. Sadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Causal Relationship and Cointegration Between GDP and Exports in Jordan for the Period (1994-2023)
This study aims to examine and measure the impact of exports on the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Jordanian economy using annual time series data for the period 1994–2023. A descriptive and quantitative analytical approach was applied to describe the variables and analyze the relationship between exports and GDP. To determine the existence of a long-term equilibrium (cointegration) relationship between the variables, the Johansen-Juselius methodology was employed. The results indicate the presence of a long-term, unidirectional equilibrium relationship from exports to GDP. Furthermore, the findings reveal that exports have a positive and statistically significant impact on GDP during the study period, with a significance level of less than 1%. Through the analysis of the impulse response function and variance decomposition, it was shown that GDP forecast error variance is explained by its own shocks as well as shocks in exports. By the end of the period, the explanatory power of GDP reached about 77.67%. Thus, any random shock to exports leads to a positive impact on GDP. The study recommends paying more attention to companies and institutions supporting the manufacturing sector in general and export-oriented companies in particular, to explore new markets for Jordanian goods and services. Additionally, it highlights the importance of developing specialized educational and training programs in international trade and global marketing to enhance the skills and readiness of Jordanian human resources. These measures are essential to improve productivity and enhance the competitiveness of Jordanian products in global markets, thereby contributing to sustainable economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalat Sh. Qasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Environmental Culture in Achieving the Requirements of Sustainable Development
The research aims to determine the levels of the study variables, environmental culture with its dimensions (comprehensive participation, environmental awareness and information, environmental education), and sustainable development with its dimensions (economic dimension, social dimension, environmental dimension) in several industrial companies in Erbil city, while diagnosing the relationship and impact between them. The study adopted a general framework by identifying the research problem through several questions centered around the nature of the relationship and impact between the variables. A hypothetical model was designed for the research, consisting of two main hypotheses. The research relied on the descriptive-analytical approach, where the main and sub-variables were described, and the relationships and effects between the research variables were analyzed. The research population consisted of all managers of several industrial companies in Erbil, totaling (120) managers according to data from the General Directorate of Company Registration at the Chamber of Commerce. The research sample was limited to (47) managers, and the hypotheses were tested through a set of statistical analyses using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS V.23). The research results revealed significant relationships between the two variables at both the overall and partial levels. The regression analysis results showed a positive impact of the environmental culture variable on sustainable development, based on the indicators of the analysis at both the overall and partial levels. The research recommended that industrial companies should invest in strengthening the strong relationships between the variables and addressing the weak relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Namaa N. Basheer, Jwan S. Rashed, Chiman B. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Attitudes of Media Elite about Using Kurdish Satellite Channels Artificial Intelligence in Television Production
This study aims to know the direction of Kurdish satellite channels’ media elite about the use of artificial intelligence in the production of television and to identify the importance of the use of artificial intelligence technology by journalists. This study relies on descriptive research using the mass survey method of media tools. The research community consists of journalists from all Kurdish news satellite channels. The sample of the research is about journalists in the field of television program production، which include :(directors، video editors، photographers، reporters، producers، writers، presenters، lighting techniques، staff, audio and graphic designers, news makers and managers of these departments, which are related to the production of programs, that includes a number of(120)journalists. The most important results of the study are that most Kurdish satellite channels use artificial intelligence techniques in the production of television programs to a limited extent, indicating that the people who are channel managers do not care about this field, despite the lack of training courses related to artificial intelligence techniques and experts in this field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wria R. Muhamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Organizational Integrity Among the Directors of Sports Institutes in the Kurdistan Region From the Perspective of Instructors
The research aims to prepare a scale of the reality of organizational integrity among directors of sports institutes from the point of view of teaching staff in the Kurdistan Region and to identify the level of dimensions of the reality of organizational integrity among directors of sports institutes from the point of view of teaching staff in the Kurdistan Region. The researchers employed a descriptive approach with a survey method, given the study's suitability and nature of the study. The research community was determined intentionally by the instructors in the sports institutes in the Kurdistan Region for the academic year (2023-2024) and their number is (9) sports institutes. The researchers used the following statistical coefficients to find the results of their research through the statistical package (SPSS): percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, simple correlation coefficient, and Spearman's rho. The results reached the preparation and application of a scale of the reality of organizational integrity with its dimensions (organizational integrity, organizational trust, organizational optimism, organizational tolerance) among the directors of sports institutes from the point of view of the teaching staff in the Kurdistan Region through the scientific procedures followed in preparing the scales. The number of paragraphs of the scale reached (20) paragraphs distributed over (4) dimensions, and each dimension has (5) paragraphs. It was concluded that, from the perspective of the teaching staff, the director of sports institutes of the Kurdistan Region has a high level on each of the dimensions (organizational trust and Organizational tolerance) and an average level on each dimension (organizational integrity and organizational optimism).
Copyright (c) 2026 Goran M. Fattah, Ashti N. Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of the Stadium Strategy According to the Right and Left Brain Patterns
This research aims to identify and compare the differences between the post-test results of two distinct experimental groups—Group I (Left Brain) and Group II (Right Brain)—concerning the acquisition and technical performance of specific basketball passing skills for beginners. The researcher adopted an experimental methodology utilizing a pre-test/post-test design across two equal groups. The research population was intentionally selected from ninth-grade female students at Mahabad Basic School in the Koya district, totaling (120) students distributed across four sections (A, B, C, and D). Through a lottery process, two specific sections (B and C) were chosen to represent the primary study sample. Subsequently, a systematic random selection resulted in a final sample of (40) female students, divided equally with (20) students in each experimental group. The instructional intervention was structured around the STAD (Student Teams Achievement Divisions) strategy. The first experimental group followed a curriculum tailored to Left Brain characteristics, while the second group followed a curriculum designed according to Right Brain attributes. The comprehensive educational program consisted of (18) educational units conducted over a period of nine weeks, with two 40-minute sessions per week. Statistical analysis—including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Levene's Test, percentages, and T-tests for equal samples—was applied to the data. The study concluded that the educational curriculum utilizing the STAD strategy exerted a significant positive effect on learning the technical performance of basketball passing skills for beginners in both experimental groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawest Q. Dhahir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effect of Using Virtual Reality Glasses in Learning to Perform the Front Jump Skill on The Vault Table in Gymnastics
The aim of the research is to reveal the differences in the pre- and post-tests in learning the skill of the front jump on the vault table among the students of the second stage at the Akre Sports Institute / Dohuk for the experimental and control groups. And to reveal the differences in the post-test between the experimental and control groups in learning the skill of the front jump on the jumping table. The researcher used the experimental research method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (20) students from the second stage at the Akre Sports Institute. The sample was divided into two groups, experimental and control, by drawing lots. The experimental group used the program prepared by the researcher using virtual reality glasses to learn to perform the front jump skill on the gymnastics vaulting table. The researcher conducted the homogeneity process between the experimental and control groups. The researcher also conducted tests of equality in the elements of physical and motor fitness, as well as the front jump skill on the gymnastics vaulting table. The researcher used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and t-value for the independent and linked group to extract the results. The researcher concluded that there were significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the two research groups in learning to perform the front jump on the jumping table in gymnastics, in favor of the post-test. The experimental group outperformed the control group in the skills post-test.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khaled M. Shaaban https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Geographical Analysis of The Size of The Industrial Sector in Piramagrun District and Its Role in Providing Job Opportunities
The climate of planet Earth is undergoing continuous transformation, with current trends indicating a significant rise in global warming compared to previous eras. While natural fluctuations in solar energy absorption and atmospheric reflection play a role, human-induced activities have emerged as the primary drivers of contemporary climatic instability. Among the most pressing consequences of this shift is drought—a complex climatic-biological phenomenon that directly impacts human welfare and economic systems. This issue has garnered intense scrutiny from geographers, agricultural scientists, and irrigation specialists, particularly as it evolves into the broader threat of desertification, posing a severe risk to both societal stability and environmental integrity. Water resources remain the cornerstone of human civilization, essential for domestic consumption, industrial use, and agricultural irrigation. Historically, the prosperity of societies has been dictated by the availability of water. The Peramagroon district, characteristic of the Kurdistan region, historically benefited from an abundance of rainfall, groundwater, and surface water. These resources facilitated dense rural populations and robust economic activities, specifically within the agricultural and livestock sectors. Due to its strategic location along the Sulaymaniyah-Dukan highway, the district became a vital economic hub, exporting surplus produce to the center of Sulaymaniyah city. This regional prosperity was fundamentally underpinned by the reliability of seasonal and permanent water sources. However, the current trajectory of climate change now threatens this delicate balance, necessitating a deeper investigation into the sustainability of water management and the long-term environmental health of the Peramagroon area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adnan A. Mohammed , Zmnako O. Salih, Garmian H. Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Effectiveness of Action And Its Reaction in The Tales of Kalilah and Dimnah; The Tale of The Monkey And The Turtle as an Example
This research provides a comprehensive analysis of the "Kalila and Dimna" narrative, specifically focusing on the fable of the monkey and the turtle. Within this tale, the monkey and the turtle serve as central protagonists, driving a plot characterized by significant shifts in fortune, tactical maneuvers, and survival. The study highlights the critical moment when a character’s pursuit of an essential need is thwarted by unforeseen circumstances, setting the stage for a narrative filled with victories and losses. The story begins with a young monkey diverging from the guidance of Mahir, an elder monkey who personifies wisdom and experience. Driven by general interest rather than malice, the younger monkey’s trajectory leads to a series of events that test his resilience. A pivotal element of the analysis is the monkey’s escape from a lethal threat posed by the turtle, who attempts to commit an unjust act under a deceptive guise. The research explores how these positive and negative outcomes are dictated by spatiotemporal shifts initiated by the characters. Furthermore, the dialogue emphasizes Mahir’s role as an intellectual anchor; despite his advanced age, his strategic intelligence allows him to navigate existential threats and complex challenges effectively. Ultimately, this study concludes that the fable serves as a profound commentary on the effectiveness of decision-making and strategic planning. By portraying the monkey as a resourceful leader and survivor, the research underscores the importance of perseverance and calculated action in overcoming destruction, offering enduring lessons on the nature of wisdom and the process of achieving difficult objectives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idrees K. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Semantic Transformations in Administrative Terms Human Resources Management as A Model
Changes in concepts and terms reflect profound transformations in societies over time, as well as the continuous development of human understanding and values, and hint at how human thought evolves and is subject to new challenges. These changes may occur in response to technical or technological developments, changes in cultural concepts, social terms, or replacements in economic and administrative concepts. Note that the changes that sweep terminology may be unconscious or voluntary as a result of their circulation among the public, and this is natural in all different environments without feeling it or controlling it. Among the most important transformations that we will address in this research paper, entitled (Semantic transformations in administrative terms, human resources management as a model) are the transformations and linguistic changes that have occurred in human resources management terms over the ages, and the historical and descriptive approach is followed in the research. The research aims to change the language used, highlight the importance of creativity and continuous innovation, and encourage the adoption of new strategies for personal and professional development, which leads to improving the overall performance of the institution. With economics, it becomes necessary to adopt an administrative language that reflects new challenges and opportunities, which enables institutions to compete in a changing global work environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kosar D. Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Landmarks of Jurisprudential Criticism as a Criterion for the Jurist, the Preacher Pretentious Scholar; A Critical Study
This research investigates jurisprudential criticism as a vital criterion for addressing the modern phenomenon of unqualified preachers discussing complex legal issues via mass media and social networking platforms. This trend has catalyzed the spread of misconceptions and fostered an inaccurate public perception that conflates the roles of the specialized jurist and the general preacher. Such confusion stems from a fundamental lack of awareness regarding the distinct functional and academic boundaries between these two figures. By employing an analytical and inductive methodology, this study explores critical methods as a primary means to purify Islamic jurisprudence from deviant or weak opinions that have become integrated into daily life through digital communication. The research emphasizes that the responsibility for this purification lies with qualified jurists. It seeks to systematize the criteria established in classical legal texts to demonstrate that effective criticism can only be conducted by a critic who satisfies specific scholarly conditions. Notably, while a critic may not need to reach the level of absolute ijtihad across all jurisprudential chapters, they must possess the essential tools of ijtihad and qualifications tailored to the specific subject of critique. The study concludes that jurisprudential criticism is a necessary protective mechanism for shielding Islamic law from corrupt interpretations. Furthermore, it asserts the necessity of distinguishing between the specialized jurist, who possesses the scientific methodology required to derive legal rulings, and the preacher, whose role is properly limited to moral guidance, social advice, and spiritual reminders. This distinction is crucial for maintaining intellectual and religious integrity in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahalddin F. Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social and Psychological Problems of Female Breadwinners
The issue of women has recently attracted the attention of many thinkers and researchers in various fields, such as sociology, psychology, and economics, as it is one of the most important issues that has imposed itself on the regional and international arenas. The issue of women who are breadwinners for their families has emerged as a problem that all societies suffer from, as they are the group most affected by poverty, deprivation, unemployment, and marginalization. Studies indicate an increasing number of families supported by women, resulting in negative effects on women, families, and society. It also burdens this group with psychological conflicts, anxiety, frustration, and conflict in their family and professional roles, and their lack of the capabilities and skills necessary to enter the labor market, their weak ability to achieve self-realization, the low level of educational achievement of their children, and their inability to make decisions. The research aims to identify the social and psychological problems that the female breadwinners suffer from in the city of Sulaymaniyah. This study belongs to the descriptive analytical studies based on the social survey method using the three-point Likert for collecting data and information from the individuals of the study sample, consisting of (180) female respondents who were chosen intentionally. The study concluded that the local woman suffers from many social problems, showing the absence of statistically significant differences due to the variable (marital status) and the social and psychological problems that the female breadwinners face.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kazhal H. Muahamd , Rzgar M. Ghafur , Suren A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Consequences of Using Social Media in E-Marketing: A Field Study in Erbil City
The main objective of the current study is to identify and analyze the social consequences of using social media platforms in e-marketing, considering how these outcomes may vary based on factors such as gender, age, education level, and occupation. The researcher used Media System Dependency Theory to analyze the data. The data were collected quantitatively using a specially designed scale. The research population was (384) citizens of Erbil who use social media platforms for online shopping. Participants were not deliberately sampled, and the SPSS program was employed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that shopping through social media platforms has both positive and negative social consequences. However, social media facilitate business movements, buying and selling and supplying goods and supplies and save time and costs; They are also a platform for advertising, disseminating information, selling goods and creating jobs, but they have also expanded the scope of fraud and deception of citizens; The results have also created a kind of anxiety and distrust among customers; Especially since they have provided space for prostitution and the sale of prohibited goods and drugs; By and large, in addition to harming public health, they have also become a threat to culture, order and social security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karzan H. Abdulrahman , Jalal A. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Literary Environmental Criticism in Children's Stories, on Theory of (Greg Garrard's)
This research explores ecocriticism in children's literature, as children's literature is an integral part of the literary creation process. Thus, children's literature, particularly storytelling, has been used by authors to instill environmental awareness and ethical values in children regarding nature and the environment, addressing environmental issues. This study follows a (content-analytical) approach and draws on (Greg Garrard’s) theoretical framework, which highlights three key aspects: the form of the literary environmental movement, the relationship between humans and nature, and ecological values. The research aims to answer several questions: Has ecocriticism found a place in literature? Can literary works serve as a medium for conveying human perspectives on environmental issues to children? To what extent are Garrard’s ecocritical elements present in the children’s stories published in (Sivore) magazine? The study finds that children’s story writers in (Sivore) magazine contribute to environmental awareness through their literary works by incorporating educational values related to environmental protection, making them key themes in their stories and presenting them in engaging ways. These themes include (pollution, deforestation, natural disasters, environmental conservation, animal protection, human dependence on nature, the impact of humans on the environment, adaptation to nature, and environmental ethics) The research consists of two main sections: the first section presents the theoretical framework, discussing the concept and emergence of ecocriticism and the relationship between literature and the environment, while the second section, the applied part of the research, focuses on Garrard’s ecocritical principles and their application in children’s stories from (Sivore) magazine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayam S. Hussein, Rozheen A. Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating the impact of the Iraqi film industry on attracting foreign tourists
The aim of this study is to examine the role of Iraq's film industry in attracting international tourists to Erbil Citadel—one of the most ancient heritage sites, dating back to 6000 B.C.—and to analyze its impact on travel motivation and destination image. This research employed a mixed-methods approach: quantitative data were collected through questionnaires from 100 international tourists, and qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 15 experts in the film and tourism industries. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS and PLS-SEM, and qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that films have a significant direct and indirect role in enhancing Iraq's positive image, introducing cultural and historical attractions, and increasing tourists' travel motivation. The greatest direct effect was reported for the variable “Film Influence” on travel motivation (path coefficient β = 0.72). Qualitative findings also emphasized that films help promote Erbil Citadel, stimulate visitation, and strengthen Iraq's tourism brand. Based on these results, it is recommended that policymakers and tourism managers support the production of films related to cultural heritage, develop tourism infrastructure, and design film-related marketing campaigns to use the film industry as a strategic tool for tourism development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aram Nejmeddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Understanding the Policy Changes on Education System and its Implications
This paper aimed at analyzing stakeholders’ understanding of the 2014 policy change in Tanzania and its reflection on the education system. A sequential explanatory design was employed, and a mixed-methods approach was used to collect data. The Southern Highland Zone was selected out of eight marked zones; within this zone, the survey involved three regions, namely Mbeya, Rukwa, and Katavi. A sample size of 192 participants was selected through cluster and purposive sampling to assess stakeholders’ understanding of the education policy changes and their implications on the education system. Data collected through interviews and questionnaires were analyzed using content analysis and SPSS version 20, respectively. The findings revealed a limited understanding of the policy changes among respondents across various categories, whereas interview participants demonstrated a deeper grasp of the policy in place. Stakeholders exhibited a mixed and partial understanding, raising concerns about the extent of policy ownership among those affected. The paper recommends non-crony public education efforts on policy changes to foster broader ownership and more effective implementation of education reforms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enerico J. Sumbizi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From Illustration to Story Telling - The Use of Microsoft Bing to Sharpen EFL Learners’ Lexical Competence
Artificial Intelligence tools have profoundly transformed language learning and teaching practices. Consequently, numerous AI tools have emerged to meet societal needs with various functions. In this regard, Microsoft Bing’s Co-Pilot distinguishes itself from competitors through its illustration and storytelling features. Although a growing number of studies have explored the effectiveness of Bing in expanding students’ lexical competence globally, this study represents the first attempt to examine the impact of Bing on developing students’ vocabulary skills via image creation and storytelling at the tertiary level in Iraq during the 2024-2025 academic year. Using a stratified random sampling method, 50 freshman students aged 18 to 25 from 10 departments at a private university participated in a nine-week treatment period based on the OWN IT 2 coursebook. Data were collected through a mixed-methods research design, encompassing vocabulary exams, questionnaires, and interviews. The control group received vocabulary instruction as outlined in the teacher’s book, while the experimental group's sessions were enriched using Bing to teach essential words via images and stories. The results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group by earning higher grades on vocabulary exams, participating in lessons more willingly, retrieving words more instantly, developing better self-study habits, and demonstrating reduced language learning anxiety. These findings indicate that Bing’s image creation and storytelling features are innovative in effectively capturing students’ attention and enhancing their lexical competence. The study's outcomes have significant implications for English teachers seeking to implement AI-enriched vocabulary lessons and leverage the associated opportunities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab N. Karam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Investigating the Social Power of Metaphor in Televised Social Debates
Metaphors are not just pure linguistic elements or a rhetorical unit of language, but powerful tools that empower daily media interlocutions, give prestige to the users, reinforce power dynamics, and shape interlocutors’ understanding of the world. Televised debate programs are regarded as essential mediums where participants use different linguistic items and strategies in their interactions to maintain authority and defend ideology. The current study examines the social power of metaphor in televised social debates, exploring how metaphors are utilized to establish, maintain, or/and illustrate social hierarchies and ideologies. It aims to determine the significance of the utility of metaphor in conveying complex ideas to serve as a tool of persuasion and in enhancing media communication. This study uses qualitative and quantitative approaches in the process of data analysis and collection. It is qualitative for analyzing metaphors identified in recorded authentic interactions and debates on TV programs, and it is quantitative for administering a semi-structured questionnaire to find out the contribution of metaphor in empowering and enhancing media interactions, and investigating their role in shaping interlocutors’ perceptions, influencing their attitudes, and illustrating power relations. The most significant findings derived in this study show that metaphors are highly embedded in media practices, serving as a medium for both domination and resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bikhtiyar O. Fattah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0