Securitizing the Kurdish Issue by the Neighboring States
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Abstract
The Kurdish issue in the Middle East is ambiguous and complicated, as the Kurds represent the largest nation without its own state. They have been divided among four states that share history, ethnicity, and geographical proximity. The Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), a constitutional and legal entity resulting from United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 on April 5, 1991, is regarded as an internationally recognized political entity. However, it has been a source of concern for neighboring nations and has become the subject of securitization. As a consequence of these neighboring countries' fears, the KRI and Kurds in general often receive threats, and their actions and movements are considered threats to the national security of neighboring countries. According to the Copenhagen School of Security Studies, a state can be weakened by undermining its identity. The realist viewpoint also posits that a political actor can be weakened through the use of political and military force. Instead of treating the Kurds and their distinct identity, which includes their own language, culture, and history, as an integral part of a multi-ethnic society, the Kurdish issue has become the subject of a securitization process by neighboring countries. It has been viewed as a threat that must be eradicated. To achieve such a purpose, weakening the identity of the Kurds was the first move toward securitization.
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