من التفويضات المحلية إلى المسؤوليات الدولية استراتيجيات قانونية للمناطق المتنازع عليها في العراق
محتوى المقالة الرئيسي
الملخص
تناقش هذه البحث موضوع المناطق المتنازع عليها بين الحكومة الفيدرالية العراقية وحكومة إقليم كردستان ، من خلال استعراض الأبعاد التاريخية والقانونية والدولية لهذا الصراع. يبدأ البعد التاريخي لهذه الدراسة بتحقيق معمق حول كيفية تأثير سياسات حزب البعث على الهويات العرقية والطائفية وما ترتب على ذلك من صعوبات في حل النزاعات الإقليمية. تتناول الورقة الواجبات الدستورية للحكومة الفيدرالية فيما يتعلق بالمادة 140 من الدستور العراقي، وتحلل فعاليتها والانتقادات الموجهة لها. كما تسلط الضوء على الاستراتيجيات القانونية والدولية لحل هذه النزاعات، مع تحليل الأحكام ذات الصلة في ميثاق الأمم المتحدة وقرارات مجلس الأمن والأطر القانونية الدولية المتعلقة بالموضوع. تستعرض البحث دور التحكيم الدولي كآلية محتملة لحل النزاعات بين الحكومة الفيدرالية وحكومة إقليم كردستان، مع الاستناد إلى حالات وقضايا قانونية سابقة. تعتمد هذه الدراسة على منهج نوعي يستند إلى أوراق أكاديمية، تقارير، مراجع قانونية، وقرارات الأمم المتحدة، بهدف تقديم فهم معمق لدور الأمم المتحدة واستخدام الأدوات القانونية في هذه المناطق المتنازع عليها، خاصة استخدام التحكيم الدولي. تهدف البحث في نهاية المطاف إلى إجراء تحليل تفصيلي لقضية المناطق المتنازع عليها، وتقييم الاستراتيجيات المتاحة ذات الطبيعة القانونية الدولية، وتقديم توصيات قد تكون ذات صلة بحل مثل هذه النزاعات.
التنزيلات
تفاصيل المقالة

هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
المراجع
Al-Zubaidi, F. (2024). Obstacles and options in Baghdad-Erbil negotiations. Fikra Forum. Retrieved from https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/obstacles-and-options-baghdad-erbil-negotiations.
Bartu, P. (2010). Wrestling with the integrity of a nation: The disputed internal boundaries in Iraq. International Affairs, 86(6), 1329-1343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00941.x .
Curtis. (n.d.). Court of arbitration. Retrieved from https://www.curtis.com/glossary/commercial-arbitration/court-of-arbitration.
Higgins, R. (1972). The Advisory opinion on Namibia: Which UN resolutions are binding under Article 25 of the Charter? International & Comparative Law Quarterly, 21(2), 270-286. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/21.2.270.
Historica. (n.d.). Ba'athist Iraq. Retrieved from https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq.
Iraq. (2004). Law of 2004 of administration for the state of Iraq for the transitional period. 8 March 2004. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/45263d612.
Iraqi Federal Supreme Court. (2019). Decision No. 71/2019. Retrieved from https://iraqfsc.iq/krarid/71_fed_2019.pdf.
Kane, S. (2011). Iraq's disputed territories: A view of the political horizon and implications for US policy. US Institute of Peace.
Morris, S., Wirya, K., & Ala’Aldeen, D. (2015). The future of Kirkuk: A roadmap for resolving the status of the governorate. The Middle East Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.meri-k.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/The-Future-of-Kirkuk-A-Roadmap-for-Resolving-the-Status-of-the-Province-English.pdf.
Palka, E. J. (2011). Kurd-Arab tensions along the Green Line: Iraq’s roadblock to long-term stability. Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies, 39(1), 16-32. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/smsajms/article/view/70512.
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). (n.d.). Abyei Arbitration (Sudan vs. South Sudan), PCA Case Number 2008-07. Retrieved from https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/92/.
Permanent Court of Arbitration(PCA). (2016). South China Sea Arbitration (Philippines vs. China), PCA Case Number 2013–19. Retrieved from https://rsilpak.org/2017/case-brief-on-the-south-china-sea-arbitration/.
Rasul, A. (2020). Different views on the concept of disputed territories. Center for Future Studies, 3. https://www.centerfs.org/different-perspectives-on-the-concept-of-genocide-zones/#_ednref1.
Shareef, S. (2023). A study on the human rights situation in Kirkuk. The Age of Human Rights Journal, 20, 7374-7374. https://revistaselectronicas.ujaen.es/index.php/TAHRJ/article/view/7374.
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq. (2009). Report of the UN SG pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1830 (2008) (S/2009/284). Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-report-un-sg-pursuant-paragraph-6-resolution-1830-2008-s2009284?OpenDocument=&_gl=1%2A65ef1u%2A_ga%2ANzg4NTUwNjkuMTcwNTI2MzA4NQ..%2A_ga_E60ZNX2F68%2AMTcxODQ5MTMwMi4yMS4xLjE3MTg0OTE2NzAuNDMuMC4w.
United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2010). The situation concerning Iraq: Resolution 1936. Retrieved from http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/1936 .
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2009). Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1883 (2009): Resolution 1883. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/unsc/2009/en/70211.
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2007). On extension of the mandate of the UN Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI): Resolution 1770. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/legal/resolution/unsc/2007/en/46702.
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2015). Endorsing road map for peace process in Syria, setting timetable for talks: Resolution 2254 (2015). ReliefWeb. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/syrian-arab-republic/security-council-unanimously-adopts-resolution-2254-2015-endorsing-road.
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2016). Resolution 2304 (2016). Retrieved from https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/resolution-2304-south-sudan-s-res-2304/#:~:text=On%2012%20August%202016%20the,a%20mandate%20to%20protect%20civilians.
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2017). Resolution 2348 (2017). Retrieved from https://www.globalr2p.org/resources/resolution-2348-drc-s-res-2348/#:~:text=On%2031%20March%202017%20the,its%20populations%20from%20atrocity%20crimes.
United Nations Security Council(UNSC). (2023). Security Council authorizes one-year mandate extension of United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq: Resolution 2682 (2023). Retrieved from https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15296.doc.htm#:~:text=30%20May%202023-,Security%20Council%20Authorizes%20One%2DYear%20Mandate%20Extension%20of%20United%20Nations,2024%2C%20retaining%20its%20core%20tasks.
United Nations. (2003). UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI), Resolution 1500. Retrieved from http://www.militarywives.com/index.php/un-medal-descriptions/707-un-assistance-mission-in-iraq-unami.
Yassin, A. O. (2021). Report on citizenship law: Iraq. European University Institute. https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/71403/RSCAS_GLOBALCIT_CR_2021_12.pdf .
Gardam, J. (2004). Necessity, proportionality and the use of force by states (Vol. 35). Cambridge University Press.
UNESCO. (1954). Convention for the protection of cultural property in the event of armed conflict with regulations for the execution of the convention. The Hague, Netherlands. Registration at the UN: 4 September 1956, No. 3511. https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/convention-protection-cultural-property-event-armed-conflict-regulations-execution-convention.
Permanent Court of Arbitration (n.d). Introduction to the PCA. https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/ .
Al Jazeera. (2017, September 17). Learn about the disputed areas in Iraq. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.net .
Al Jazeera. (2017, October 6). Learn about the content of Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.net.
International Crisis Group. (2018, December 14). Reviving UN mediation on Iraq’s disputed internal boundaries (Middle East Report No. 194). https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/iraq/194-reviving-un-mediation-iraqs-disputed-internal-boundaries.
Al-Hafni, N. (2019, August 1). The decision regarding Article 140 of the Constitution causes the escalation of disputes between the Iraqi components! kitabat. Retrieved from https://kitabat.com/news.
Emirates Policy Center. (2021, June 30). Disputed territories in Iraq: A dilemma of security and geopolitics. https://epc.ae/ar/details/featured/almanatiq-almutnazaa-alyha-fi-al-iraq-mudilat-alamn-waljughrafia-alsiyasia.
Rudaw. (2023, July 20). The Parliamentary Committee to follow up on the implementation of Article 140 holds its first meeting. Rudaw. https://www.rudawarabia.net/arabic/middleeast/iraq/200720239
GOV.KRD: Kurdistan Regional Government. (2024, February 28). KRG Prime Minister engages with US policy think tanks. Retrieved from https://gov.krd/english/government/the-prime-minister/activities/posts/2024/february/krg-prime-minister-engages-with-us-policy-think-tanks/.
Iraqi News Agency. (2024, April 12). Iraqi government issues a statement regarding ending UNAMI mandate in Iraq. Iraqi News Agency. Retrieved from https://ina.iq/eng/32702-iraqi-government-issues-a-statement-regarding-ending-unami-mandate-in-iraq.html.
Fatah, O. R., Rasul, A. K., Salim, Z. A., Mistaffa, J. H., & Mika, H. M. (2018). The future of Kirkuk between Erbil and Baghdad (S. S. Abdul-Hafiz, Trans.). A joint research project by the Centre for Future Studies, the Law and Politics Research Centre, and the University of Sulaimani’s College of Law and Politics. https://www.centerfs.org/files/2018/11/The-Future-of-Kirkuk-Report-Tayp.pdf .