The Conflict Between Muslims and Crusaders in The City of Ruha Was the First Military Invasion by Crusaders A Historical Study

Abstract

The Crusaders’ invasions (1196–1272) were a series of Western military attempts to seize Islamic-controlled territories in the Middle East. The first efforts began in Jazeera, where many local clan leaders participated, largely for personal gain, neglecting the religious motives of the war, such as securing the Holy Lands from Muslim forces and aiding the Hajjahan. One key outcome was the establishment of four monarchies, including the Ruha monarchy in Jazeera, founded by Baldwin. His success was due to support from the Armenians, particularly their leadership, and the strategic importance of Jazeera’s location, which was economically and militarily advantageous. The region was also significant to the Crusaders as a Christian center, with its majority Christian population, churches, and translated Bibles. These factors contributed to the establishment of the first Christian empire in the Eastern Islamic world. The Crusaders’ success was aided by political conflicts among Islamic clans and the decline of Persian (Seljuk) forces. After the death of the Seljuk leader, both political and religious conflicts erupted among the Kurds, further enabling the Crusaders’ swift conquests. Despite attempts by local monarchs to reclaim Ruha, Crusader control persisted until the era of Emaddin. His strategic planning and alliances, including agreements with some Crusader and Islamic monarchs, eventually led to the recapture of Ruha, marking a turning point in the Eastern Islamic world, with Islamic forces regaining ground in the Middle East.