The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Social Structure of Society During and After Military Duty 107 BC - 305 AD

Main Article Content

Fursah A. Hussein
Kameran M. Jalal

Abstract

The current study, entitled (The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Social Structure of Society During and After Military Duty 107 BC - 305 AD), is a historical study focusing on the impact of Roman Military Thought on the organizational structure of army and soldiers themselves during and after their military service; that is, soldiers were a pivotal component constituting a distinct social group within the army and also forming the social structure in the broader Roman society. Since Roman society was a hierarchy-abiding society, all the military views of the Roman authorities significantly shaped both the army’s structure and the lives of its soldiers. Based on Antoni Gydenz’s structural theory, it is believed that the social structure and individuals’ life should not be seen as two separate fronts or entities; that is, none of them is superior to the other, they constitute a duality, each one is considered a prerequisite and a product of the other. To this end, the army is regarded as an integral component of society, with soldiers as individuals within this structure, with reference to the abovementioned theory, we could answer the question “How did military Thought influence the army’s structure, the social life of soldiers, the interpersonal interactions, and group dynamics?” The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the effects of military Thought on the structure of the army and the soldiers as a social component of the army and to some extent as a new social class in society.


 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Hussein, F. A. and Jalal, K. M. . (2024) “The Impact of Roman Military Thought on the Social Structure of Society: During and After Military Duty 107 BC - 305 AD”, Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(1), pp. 127-141. doi: 10.14500/kujhss.v7n1y2024.pp127-141.
Section
Articles
Author Biographies

Fursah A. Hussein, Department of Social Science, College of Arts, Soran University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Fursah A. Hussein has B.A of History at Soran University and M.A of History (Ancient History) of Soran University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Kameran M. Jalal, Department of History, Faculty of Education, Koya University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Kameran M. Jalal is a Lecturer at the Department of History, Faculty of Education, Koya University. I got the B.Sc. degree in History, the M.Sc. degree in Ancient History of Kurdistan and the Ph.D. degree in Srtuggle of Sassanid and Roman Empire in Upper Mesopotamia. My research interests are in Ancient And Classic History of Kurdistan , Late Antiquity, Partian and Sassanid Culture. Dr. Kameran Mohammed Jalal is a Section Editer of History in KUJHSS.

References

Dio Cassius, (1917) Roman History, Volume VI: Books 51-55. Translated by Earnest Cary, Herbert B. Foster. Loeb Classical Library 83. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Herodian, (1969) History of the Empire, Volume I: Books 1-4. Translated by C. R. Whittaker. Loeb Classical Library 454. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Livy, (2006) The History of Rome. Tr: Valerie M. Warrior, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge

Suetonius, (2000) Lives of the Caesars. Tr. Catharine Edwards, 2, New York, Oxford University press.

Tacitus, (2004) The Annals, Translated, With Introduction and Notes, By A. J. Woodman, Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Indianapolis/Cambridge.

Zonaras, (2009) The History of Zonaras from Alexander Severus to the death of Theodosius the Great, Translation by Thomas M. Banchich and Eugene N. Lane, Routledge.

Alston, R., (2013) Arms and the man: soldiers, masculinity and power in Republican and Imperial Rome. In: Foxhall, L. and Salmon, J, ed. When men were men: Masculinity, power and identity in classical antiquity. London and New York: Routledge, pp. 205-223.

Armstrong, J., (2016) War and society in early Rome. United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press.

Bang, Peter Fibiger (2012) Predation. Scheidel (Editors). In: The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Economy.

United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, pp197-217.

Biglino, F., (2016) The impact of the Roman Republican Army on the Italian economy. Thiess (PHD) University of London

Breeze, David J. (2016) The Roman Army, London and New York Bloomsbury Academic.

Brice, L.L., (2020b) Indiscipline in the Roman Army of the Late Republic and Principate. Brice. (Editors). New Approaches to Greek and Roman Warfare, United States, John Wiley & Sons, pp.113-126.

Bruun, Christer (2016) Tracing Familial Mobility: Female and Child Migrants in the Roman West. Luuk de Ligt and Laurens E. Tacoma (Editor) In: Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Leiden and Boston, Brill (pp. 176-204).

Cagniart, Pierre (2007) The Age of Overseas Expansion (264–146 bc), Paul Erdkamp, (Editord). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell, 80-96.

Campbell, J.B. (1984) The Emperor and the Roman Army 31 BC - AD 235. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Cherry, D., (1990) The Minician law: marriage and the Roman citizenship. Phoenix, 44(3), pp.244-266.

Cornell, TIM (1993) the end of Roman imperial expansion, Rich and Shipley, John (Editors). War and Society in the Roman World. London and New York, Routledge, 139-170.

Cui, Siwen (2021) The Marian Military Reform and Its Effects on the Roman Republic, In2021 International Conference on Public Relations and Social Sciences (ICPRSS 2021) 2021 Oct 21 (pp. 992-998). Atlantis Press.

De Ligt, L. and Tacoma, L.E., (2016) Approaching migration in the early Roman Empire. Luuk de Ligt and Laurens E. Tacoma (Editor) In: Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Leiden and Boston, Brill (pp. 1-22).

Frier, B.W. and McGinn, T.A., (2003) A casebook on Roman family law. Oxford University Press.

Gauthier, François (2015) Financing War in the Roman Republic 201 BCE-14 CE. Thesis (PHD). McGill University.

Giddens, A., (198٤)The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration (Vol. 349). Univ of California Press.

Gilliver, Kate (2007) the Augustan Reform and the Structure of the Imperial Army. Paul Erdkamp, (Editor). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell Publishing, 183-200.

Goodman, Martin (2012) The Roman World 44 bc–ad 180, Second Edition, London and New York, Routledge.

Greene, E.M., (2020) Roman military communities and the families of auxiliary soldiers. Brice, (Editors). New Approaches to Greek and Roman Warfare,. United States, John Wiley & Sons, pp.149-159.

Hebblewhite, M., (2017) The emperor and the army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235-395. London & New York, Routledge.

Herz, Peter (2007) Finances and Costs of the Roman Army. Paul Erdkamp, (Editor). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell Publishing, 306-322.

Hoss, Stefanie (2014) Cingulum Militare Studien zum römischen Soldatengürtel des 1. bis 3. Jh. n. Chr. Thesis(phd), Universiteit Leiden.

Keppie, Lawrence (1984) the Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire, London, Routledge.

Kramer, Jessica Colleen (2014) The Roman Riders: Ethnicity and Iconography on Roman Cavalrymen Tombstones. Thesis(AM) Brigham Young University.

Lee, A.D., 2009. War in late antiquity: A social history. John Wiley & Sons.

Lendon, J.E., (1997) Empire of honour: The art of government in the Roman world. Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Manklow, Charles Henry (2020) Standing by the standards Military rank and social status in the Roman west from Augustus to Diocletian. Thesis(PHD), University of Cambridge.

MILES, R. (2000) Essay Two: Communicating culture, identity and power. Huskinson (Editors), Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire. Routledge, The Open University, 29-62.

Mouritsen, H., (2013) Slavery and Manumission in the Roman Elite: A Study of the Columbaria of the Volusii and the Statilii

: Michele George, (Editors). A Study Roman Slavery and Roman Material Culture, 49-68.

Nagy, B.J., (2014) Maniple to Cohort: An Examination of Military Innovation and Reform in the Roman Republic. Army Command and General Staff College fort Leavenworth KS. Thesis (MA), Faculty of the U.S. Army.

Orlin, E.M. ed., (2021) A Social and Cultural History of Republican Rome. United States, John Wiley & Sons.

Patterson, John (1993) Military organization and social change in the later Roman Republic. Rich and Shipley, John (Editors). War and Society in the Roman World. London and New York, Routledge, 92-112.

Pavlov, Yuri (2013) The Roman army and social mobility in the Pincipate. Yu.A. Pavlov, (Editors). Social mobility in traditional society: collection of scientific articles. Khabarovsk: Far Eastern State University of Humanities Press, 69-109.

Phang, S.E., (2000) The marriage of Roman soldiers, 13 BC--AD 235: Law and society on the Roman frontier. Columbia University.

Phang, S.E., (2011) New Approaches to the Roman Army. Brice, L.L. and Roberts, J.T. (Editors). Recent Directions in the Military History of the Ancient World, pp.105-44.

Phang, S.E., (2022) Daily Life of Women in Ancient Rome. Bloomsbury Publishing, USA.

Revell, L., (2009) Roman imperialism and local identities. Cambridge University Press.

Rich, John (2007) Warfare and the Army in Early Rome. Paul Erdkamp, (Editors). A Companion to The Roman Army. USA, Blackwell, 7-24.

Roselaar, S.T, (2013(The concept of conubium in the Roman Republic. Paul J. du Plessis (Editors) New frontiers: law and society in the Roman world, pp.102-122.

Roselaar, Saskia T. (2016) State-Organized Mobility in the Roman Empire: Legionaries and Auxiliaries. Luuk de Ligt and Laurens E. Tacoma (Editor) In Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Leiden and Boston, Brill (pp. 138-157).

Sage, Michael (2020) Septimius Severus and the Roman Army, Great Britain, Pen & Sword Military

Scheidel, Walter (2007) Marriage, Families, and Survival: Demographic Aspects. Paul Erdkamp, (Editors). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell Publishing, 417-434.

Starr, C.G., (1982) The Roman Empire, 27 BC-AD 476: A study in survival. New York Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Stoll, Oliver (2007) The Religions of the Armies. Paul Erdkamp, (Editors). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell Publishing, 451-476.

Tacoma, L.E., 2015. Roman elite mobility under the Principate. N. Fisher; H. Van Wees (Hgg.), ‘Aristocracy’in Antiquity: Redifining Greek and Roman Elites. Swansea, pp.125-145

Várhelyi, Z., (2010) The religion of senators in the Roman Empire: power and the beyond. United States of America, Cambridge University Press.

Ward, G.A., (2012) Centurions: the practice of Roman officer ship. Thesis (PHD), University of North Carolina.

Wesch-Klein, Gabriele (2007) Recruits and Veterans. Paul Erdkamp, (Editors). A Companion to The Roman Army, USA, Blackwell Publishing, 235-450.

Zager, Ilona (2014) The Political Role of Women of the Roman Elite, With Particular Attention to The Autonomy and Influence of the Julio-Claudian Women (44bce to Ce68). Thiess (MA), University of South Africa.

Erdkamp Paul (2016) https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-97801993811358000;jsessionid=CC4549C9B41077BFFA3D20B341F28996?mediaType=Article