Power in Islam between text and implementation Justifying the caliphate of 'Uthman ibn 'Affan, for example

Abstract

The caliph occupies the highest position in the Islamic power structure. Generally, legitimacy is obtained through the trust of the people of contract and then the general pledge of allegiance, but there was a difference between the theoretical and practical aspects. It is the right of Muslims to appoint a caliph for themselves. The method of selecting 'Uthman ibn 'Affan was a different example, yet there were still discrepancies with the theoretical aspect. Based on primary sources, we have compared the theoretical and practical aspects in the second phase of his caliphate, during which he faced significant challenges from some provinces and their surroundings. The importance of this study lies in highlighting the gaps between the theoretical texts and the practical steps in the appointment of Caliph Uthman. The purpose of this paper is to provide clarity on how to appoint the Caliph from both theoretical and practical perspectives. This will serve as a gateway to understanding the system of power in Islam, comparing what existed in history both theoretically and practically. A critical analysis methodology is followed.